The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from retail chicken meat. The identification of Campylobacter isolates and the presence of virulence factor were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, clove oil, cinnamon, and turmeric extracts were evaluated for the antimicrobial potential against Campylobacter isolates. Out of 200 chicken meat samples, 80 (40%) samples were found contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni. Antibacterial susceptibility testing indicated that out of 80 isolates 60 (75%) were resistant to tetracycline followed by 31 (38.75%) to ciprofloxacin, 12 (15%) to ampicillin, 8 (10%) to erythromycin, and 2 (2.5%) were resistant to chloramphenicol. Clove oil and cinnamon extract showed antibacterial potential against Campylobacter isolates. Furthermore, all the 80 isolates (100%) were found positive for virulence genes (cadF, flaA, and dnaJ). The presence of antibacterial resistance and virulence factors in C. jejuni highlighted the risk associated with retail poultry meat. Practical applications Campylobacter jejuni is associated with foodborne illnesses such as gastrointestinal intestinal complications. This study demonstrated that raw chicken meat should be subjected to pretreatment to avoid the foodborne illnesses associated with multidrug‐resistant (MDR) Campylobacter jejuni. Moreover, the use of antibiotics should be strictly monitored in developing countries to avoid the emergence of multidrug‐resistant pathogens.

The COVID-19 outbreak was experienced for the fi rst time in the bordering countries of Pakistan including China, the epicenter for the disease. An increase in the number of cases at exponential rate has been observed in many countries and Pakistan has both trade and travel with Iran and China which will put Pakistan at greater risk due to the increased infl ux of travelers, as the virus is already imported to Pakistan through such travelers. Meanwhile, in the West, the highest number of mortalities was recorded in Italy followed by Iran in North [4,5]. On February 26, 2020, Ministry of Health, government Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic [3].

Background: Lymphocytic infiltration of the pituitary is an unusual inflammatory disorder of the pituitary and indicated to be autoimmune in origin. Presentations depend on the site of involvement and degree of destruction of the cellular population of the pituitary and may range from an asymptomatic state to pan-hypopituitarism with or without mass effects. In the present study, we represent a rare case of lymphocytic infiltration of the pituitary gland who was diagnosed with such condition and the subsequent management. Case presentation: A 22-year-old male who was admitted with symptoms of increased thirst and excessive fatigue. Following a thorough physical, clinical, laboratory, biochemistry, and imaging examinations a timely diagnosis of lymphocytic infiltration of the pituitary was made without using the invasive procedure of pituitary biopsy. In light of the diagnosis prompt management with the mainstay of glucocorticoid was started along with replenishing the other deficient hormones. In this study we describe a rare case of lymphocytic infiltration of the pituitary discussing in terms of epidemiology, sign and symptoms, laboratory evaluation, imaging studies, histopathology, management, and the usual outcome. Conclusion: lymphocytic infiltration of the pituitary gland can be diagnosed with the clinical presentation along with lab evaluation and imaging but without pituitary biopsy, which could help in an early and accurate diagnosis which is the basis for better management of the rare condition.

No abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-COV) are well known viruses from the family of Coronaviridae which in past caused outbreaks that led to various detrimental effect on world in many aspects. In the year 2019 when the new strain of coronavirus family (SARS-COV2) which is now known as COVID-19 (corona virus disease and 19 refer to the year it was first recognized) outbreak occurred in Wuhan affected the globe seriously. The health system got into a big challenge as this new strain of coronavirus spread much rapidly and caused much more mortality than the previous ones. The mortality was higher in those population which had comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, lung disorders, chronic illnesses, diabetic patients and at the same time affected by COVID-19. Various regimes were selected but still proper and effective management is not available for such patients as these patients are already on multiple drugs. Among those chronic illnesses diabetic patients were found be highly susceptible to COVID-19. High disease mortality and worse outcomes in patients with diabetes urges that Diabetes appropriate management and better selection of drugs is crucial for the better outcomes in diabetic patients as most of the patients are treated for hypertension, hyperglycaemia and ongoing other chronic illnesses which could lead to worse case scenarios.