ObjectivesTo provide an overview of the holistic impact of the armed conflict on medical education and health professionals’ training (MEHPT) in Syria.SettingSyria is a country which underwent an armed conflict for 10 years and suffered from the weaponisation of health.MethodsA mixed-methods systematic review including quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods and textual literature between 2011 and 2021 including papers on the Syrian MEHPT undergraduate and postgraduate education and training personnel (including medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, nursing, midwifery and allied health professionals). The electronic search was conducted in October 2018 in Embase, Global Health, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and grey literature. And an update to the search was conducted in August 2021 in PubMed, Google Scholar and Trip database.OutcomesThe impact of conflict on the MEHPT system, personnel, experiences, challenges and channels of support.ResultsOf the 5710 citations screened, 70 met the inclusion criteria (34 quantitative, 3 qualitative, 1 mixed-method, and 32 reports and opinion papers). The two major cross-cutting themes were attacks on MEHPT and innovations (present in 41% and 44% of the papers, respectively), followed by challenges facing the MEHPT sector and attitudes and knowledge of trainees and students, and lastly health system and policy issues, and narrating experiences.ConclusionConflict in Syria has politicised all aspects of MEHPT. Influenced by political control, the MEHPT system has been divided into two distinguished geopolitical contexts; government-controlled areas (GCAs) and non-GCAs (NGCAs), each having its characteristics and level of war impact. International and regional academic institutes collaboration and coordination efforts are needed to formulate educational platforms using innovative approaches (such as online/blended/store-and-forward/peer-training/online tutoring) to strengthen and build the capacity of the health workforce in conflict-affected areas.

Background Syria has witnessed more than a decade of armed conflict through which healthcare workers and facilities have not only been affected, but targeted. Amidst this targeting of healthcare workers, subsequent displacement, and ‘weaponization’ of healthcare, the medical education and health professional training (MEHPT) of those that remain has split into at least two distinctive contexts: government controlled, and non-government controlled. Efforts to rebuild MEHPT in light of this polarisation and fragmentation have led to a new MEHPT system in non-government controlled northwest Syria, that functions through what we describe as a ‘hybrid kinetic model’. This mixed-methods study provides an in-depth analysis of this MEHPT system as a case study to inform future policy planning and interventions in the context of future post-conflict health workforce development. Methods We used mixed methods to investigate the state of MEHPT in northwest Syria during September 2021 and May 2022. This included a) Stakeholder analysis, b) 15 preparatory experts consultations c) 8 Focus group discussions d) 13 Semi-structured interviews e) 2 Questionnaires and f) Validation workshops. Results We identified three main categories of key stakeholders working on MEHPT in northwest Syria: 12 newly established academic institutions, 7 local governance authorities involved in MEHPT, and 12 non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The MEHPT system operated through these stakeholders in a three-layer system to provide undergraduate and postgraduate MEHPT. In the first, top, layer, external NGOs and donors hold the strongest capacity at the expense of relatively under resourced internal governance in the second, middle, level. In the third, bottom, level, local academic bodies operate. We uncovered several levels of challenges facing these stakeholders including governance challenges, institutional challenges, individual challenges, and political challenges. Despite these challenges, participants in our study highlighted significant opportunities within the MEHPT system and that MEHPT can be a peace building pillar for the community. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first paper that provides an in-depth situational analysis of the MEHPT system in a conflict setting while engaging the voice of local key stakeholders. We found that local actors in MEHPT in non-government controlled northwest Syria have made efforts towards (re)building a new, hybrid and kinetic MEHPT system, through a bottom-up approach. Despite these efforts, the MEHPT system remains fragile and polarised, suffering from several levels of challenges with limited involvement of internal governance. Building on our findings, to improve this approach and build bridges of trust among stakeholders and the MEHPT community, further studies are needed to determine feasible approaches to increasing the role of internal governance structures in the MEHPT system through: 1-Formalisation of efforts through establishing a MEPHT technical coordination unit. 2-Further shifting of power from external supporting NGOs and funders to internal governance structures. 3- Working towards achieving sustainable long-term partnerships.