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The concentration of CO2, one of the most important greenhouse gases (GHG), has reached to 409.8 ± 0.1 ppm in 2019. Although there are many carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods, they are very costly and their long term use raises concern about environmental safety. Alternatively, bio-sequestration of CO2 using microalgal cell factories has emerged as a promising way of recycling CO2 into biomass via photosynthesis. In the present study, Indigenous algal strain Pseudanabaena limnetica was cultivated in pneumatically agitated 60-L flat-panel photobioreactor system. The gas was released from Bio-CNG plant as by-product into Na2CO3-rich medium and cultivated in semicontinuous mode of operation. It was observed that when CO2 was sparged in seawater-based 0.02 M Na2CO3 solution, maximum CO2 was dissolved in the system and was used for algal cultivation. Control system produced 0.64 ± 0.035 g/L of biomass at the end of 15 days, whereas CO2 sparged Na2CO3 medium produced 0.81 ± 0.046 g/L of biomass. When CO2 from Bio-CNG station was fed, it resulted in biomass production of 1.62 ± 0.070 g/L at the end of 18 days compared to 1.46 ± 0.066 g/L of biomass produced in control system which was not fed with gas released from Bio-CNG plant as by-product. Thus, feeding CO2 directly into Na2CO3 medium and operating the system semicontinuously would be efficient for scrubbing CO2 from commercial Bio-CNG plant. This study proves that feeding CO2 gas from Bio-CNG plant into Na2CO3-rich alkaline system can be used to feed algae for enhanced biomass production.

Introduction Childhood precursor B lineage ALL (B-ALL) is a genetically heterogeneous disease where the underlying genetics is an important determinant of outcome. Copy number alterations (CNA) have been described in B-ALL, which in conjunction with chromosomal abnormalities drive leukemogenesis. Some, especially IKZF1 deletions are prognostically relevant and influence disease outcome. However, there is no consensus on how these CNAs can be incorporated in a clinical setting. Recently, an integrated genomic classification has been proposed for ALL which includes CNA as well as cytogenetics based risk prediction. However, there have not been many studies which validated these suggestions or correlated them with immunophenotyping based MRD. Using end induction MRD as a surrogate marker of outcome we demonstrate that the integrated genomic profile is highly predictive of MRD clearance. Patients and Methods 91 cases of childhood B-ALL (WHO 2008 criteria) were prospectively accrued over a 4 months. NCI risk was calculated as per standard recommendations. FISH detected recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities as well as iAMP(21); conventional karyotyping and flow cytometry determined the ploidy status. SALSA MLPA P335 was used to detect CNA in BALL following the manufacturers recommendations. Data was analyzed on the Coffalyzer software. Patients were divided into good and poor risk genetic abnormalities to stratify them according to the integrated genetic profile. The former included good risk cytogenetic (ETV6-RUNX1 or high hyperdiploidy) as well as good risk CNA profiles (no deletion of IKZF1, CDKN2A/B, PAR1, EBF1, ETV6 or RB1; isolated deletion of ETV6, PAX5 or BTG1 or ETV6 deletion with single deletion of BTG1, PAX5, or CDKN2A/B). Poor risk genetic abnormalities included high risk cytogenetic groups (BCR-ABL1, MLL rearranged, near haploidy, low hypodiploidy or iAMP21) as well as intermediate and poor risk CNA profiles (IKZF1/ PAR1/EBF1/RB1 deletion or any other CNA profiles) Cytogenetic abnormalities took precedence over CNA abnormalities as has been described (Moreman AV et al Blood 2014). MRD was detected using 9 colour flow cytometry (CD19, CD20, CD10, CD45, CD38, CD66c, CD123, CD34, CD58) on an end of induction bone marrow sample. In every case attempt was made to acquire 10,00,000 events. Syto 16 dye was used to correct the MRD value. Flow cytometry data was analyzed with Kaluza (v1.3). Two-tailed fishers exact test and chi squared test were applied for statistical analysis. Results Median age was 5 years (range: 1-14), male predominant (58 males). Majority patients had good risk (50.5%) followed by intermediate (40.7%) and poor risk cytogenetics (8.8%). The frequencies of CNA were as follows; CDKN2A/B (23.1%), ETV6 (19.8%), IKZF (18.7%), PAX5 (14.3%), EBF1 (4.4%), BTG1 (4.4%), RB1 (3.3%). Using these data patients were classified into good risk (47.3%), intermediate (30.8%) and poor risk CNA profiles (22%). The cytogenetic and CNA risk profiles were compiled together into good risk genetic (74.7%) and poor risk (25.3%) profiles. MRD positivity (28.6%) ranged from 0.01% to 48.4% where as the rest were negative (71.4%). The CNA risk profiles showed a tendency for correlation with MRD status (p=0.08) whereas the integrated genetic profile showed a very high correlation with the MRD status (in which good risk patients were associated with MRD negative status) and NCI risk. In addition, the integrated genomic profile also predicted the MRD status in the intermediate cytogenetic group. (Table 1) Conclusion This data seems to indicate that in addition to cytogenetics, CNA should be incorporated into routine clinical testing and risk algorithms for B-ALL. The integrated genomic classification is of prognostic relevance and offers an additional avenue for prognostication and risk adapted therapy. Table 1.Correlation of immunophenotypic MRD, NCI Risk, Prednisolone Response and intermediate cytogenetics with integrated genetic profile.Variable TestedGood Genomic ProfilePoor Genomic ProfileStatistical SignificanceMRD StatusEnd Induction MRD Positive1214Significant (p=0.0003)End Induction MRD Negative569NCI RiskHigh NCI Risk1812Significant (p=0.03)Standard NCI Risk5011D+8 Prednisolone Response (n=83)Good Response5818Not Significant (p=1)Poor Response61Intermediate Cytogenetic RiskEnd Induction MRD Positive36Significant (p=0.05)End Induction MRD Negative197 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.