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Embedded CdS nanowires are used for improving the spectral transmission of the CdS window layer, thus enhancing the quantum efficiency of CdS-CdTe solar cells. Substantially higher light transmission is observed in the 300nm-550nm wavelength range. A nearly ideal spectral response of quantum efficiency over a wide spectral range provides evidence for improved light transmission through the window layer and enhanced absorption and carrier generation in the CdTe absorber layer. Nanowire CdS/CdTe solar cells on SnO 2 /ITO-soda lime glass substrates, and with Cu/graphite paste/silver paste as back contact electrodes, yield a power conversion efficiency of 12%. MoO 3-x /Au back contacts were also investigated. With these back contacts, the nanowire CdS-CdTe solar cells exhibit efficiency comparable to the efficiency of their planar CdS counterparts. Junction transport mechanisms are delineated for advancing the basic understanding of device physics at the interface. Our results prove the efficacy of this nanowire approach for enhancing the quantum efficiency in window-absorber type solar cells (CdS-CdTe, CdS-CIGS and CdS-CZTSSe etc.) and other optoelectronic devices.

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Large-scale coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination programs have been rolled out worldwide. Vaccines that are widely used globally include mRNA vaccines, adenoviral vector vaccines, and inactivated whole-virus vaccines. COVID-19 vaccines can lead to varying side effects. Among the most common of these adverse effects are pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headaches. Some side effects, however, are not very well documented, and these include joint-related adverse effects. In this review, we assess the epidemiology and clinical features of post-COVID-19 vaccination joint-related adverse effects based on the analysis of 16 patient case reports.Based on our analysis, we found that females formed the majority of the cases, accounting for 62.5% of patients, while 37.5% of the cases were males. The mean age of presentation among the patients was 54.8 years, with a standard deviation (SD) of 17.49 years. In 37.5% of the cases, patients received the Sinovac vaccine. The proportion of patients who received other vaccines was as follows: the Pfizer vaccine: 31.25%; Sputnik V: 12.5%; Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Covaxin: 6.25% each.The characteristics of joint-related adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination were analyzed in this study. We identified several key findings related to factors such as age, gender, type of vaccine, clinical features, and diagnosis modality. Our analysis showed that more cases were reported among individuals who received the Sinovac vaccine, as compared to the others. Further research is required to examine the underlying cause of this association.