Different types of starch were phosphorylated to different degrees of substitution using monosodium and disodium hydrogen orthophosphate at 160 °C under vacuum. Generally, phosphation enhanced the physicochemical properties of the modified starches compared to their native counterparts. Solubility and swelling power greatly increase when phosphorylation was carried out to a low degree of substitution, while the solubility and swelling power decreased gradually by increasing the degree of substitution. However, the values of the monoesters were still higher than those of the corresponding native polysaccharides. Viscosities of different starch types except corn amylose showed the highest values at the lowest degree of substitution, when the degree of phosphation increased the viscosity values decreased. Native potato starch formed a clear paste (96% transmittance) due to the presence of phosphate groups while the paste clarity of potato starch decreased gradually by increasing the degree of phosphation. Generally, phosphorylation increased the light transmittance of the other starches investigated at the lowest degree of substitution but the clarity decreased by increasing the degree of substitution.

Starch was phosphorylated by reaction with mono‐ and disodium hydrogen orthophosphate under dry conditions in a vacuum oven at 150‐180 °C (800 mbar). Studying the different factors affecting the reaction showed that the optimal conditions for starch phosphorylation in the monoester form were: 3 h reaction time, 160 °C reaction temperature and pH 6. The different types of starch gave different degrees of substitution; and amylose bound a higher amount of phosphate than amylopectin under similar reaction conditions. Both ash content and acidity of the phosphorylated starch products increased proportionally with the increase in the degree of substitution while the pH of the different modified starch products was nearly in the same range (pH 6.55—6.75).

Seven types of Egyptian bread were collected from different rural and urban areas. The chemical composition including total proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates. fibers, lipids, macro and micro minerals contents were determined. Total proteins content was higher in shamssy bread than other types of bread. Crude fat has the highest value in bread made from mixture of cereals, especially when trigonella is found. while fiber content was highest when mixture of cereals containing sorghum is used. Ash content of bread made from maize + wheat showed a higher value than other types and the differences were highly significant. Ca, Mg.Cu, and Fe were higher in bread made from sorghum t trigonella blend than other types of bread. Variations i n the amino acids content of the different types of breads were found : these differences due to the origin of different cereals, the method of bread processing and the differences in the extraction rates of the flour.