The thyroid gland plays a significant role in the metabolism and proliferation of blood cells; hematological disorders are frequently observed in patients with thyroid disorders, and the most frequent problem is anemia. The main objective of this research work is to evaluate the prevalence and types of thyroid dysfunction and their association with anemia in different gender stratified by age in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. Four years of data from July 2016 to July 2020 for 9992 study subjects were collected. Statistical analysis was performed based on thyroid disorder and anemia stratified by gender and age subgroup. The mean age of the study subject was 43.4 ± 15.8 years, and females constituted 61.7% of cases. Thyroid dysfunction was observed in 49.76% (4973), and subclinical hypothyroidism was the most prevalent type (3922/9992), followed by primary hypothyroidism (530/9992). Females have a significantly higher overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction than males (p < 0.05). Anemia was detected in 1344 females and 465 males with a thyroid disorder, and also, the prevalence was significantly higher (p < 0.05), compared to the normal thyroid group. Thyroid disorders are a common problem in our population, more prevalent in females than males, with the peak age of above 30 years, and are associated with an increased prevalence of anemia.

Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Early diagnosis and an appropriate therapeutic approach for all cancers are climacterics for a favorable prognosis. Targeting the immune system in breast cancer is already a clinical reality with notable successes, specifically with checkpoint blockade antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. However, there have been inevitable setbacks in the clinical application of cancer immunotherapy, including inadequate immune responses due to insufficient delivery of immunostimulants to immune cells and uncontrolled immune system modulation. Rapid advancements and new evidence have suggested that nanomedicine-based immunotherapy may be a viable option for treating breast cancer.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, and coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most prominent one among the spectrum of CVD. Conventional CHD drugs pose an increased risk of pharmaceutical interactions. Moreover, the possibility of tainting or substituting other medications also raises concerns. Diet and lifestyle play an important role in preventing and treating heart disease, and certain spices and supplements can help reduce the risk of heart disease and treat it. Spices have been an important part of Indian culture from the dawn of time, valued for both their culinary and medicinal virtues. Indian spices and their bioactive phytoconstituents are reported to play an ameliorating role in treating CHD. Despite the fact that the majority of these spices have an effect on organic components associated with the cardiovascular system, data on their therapeutic effects is sparse. To make the most of the enormous potential of these spices, multidisciplinary research is the need of the hour to establish them as remedies for CVDs. We endeavour to document some ethnopharmacological studies aimed to establish the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the spices and their bioactive phytoconstituents using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these spices with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity

Vitamin D deficiency is a major public health concern worldwide, resulting mainly due to insufficient sunlight exposure. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the Saudi population living at different altitudes. A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the level of vitamin D deficiency between 3402 (2110 female and 1292 male) population from Jeddah, 12 m above the sea level and with 3957 population (2202 female and 1755 male) from Asir, 2270 m above sea level. Data were collected from the biochemical investigation for total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the serum calcium. Hypovitaminosis D (insufficiency and deficiency) was prevalent in 84.1% of females (n = 1775) and 81.7% of males (n = 1056) from Jeddah while 77.02% females (n = 1696) and 80% males (n = 1404) from Asir region. A negative correlation between Vitamin D and altitude was observed for gender (R = -0.894, P = 0.261) and age (R = -0.812, P = 0.382); the risk of hypovitaminosis D generally increases with decreasing altitude. The probability of Vitamin D deficiency was higher among female populations and study subjects living at the low altitudes, i.e., from the Jeddah region.

Introduction: Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp (Family, Verbenaceae) is one of the beneficial medicinal plants, used by the traditional people of this Northeast region of India due to its cardioprotective action and most widely known as “Nefafu” in Assam, “Arun” in Nagaland and “Phuinum” in Mizoram. Clerodendrum colebrookianum is found extensively in the South as well as Southeast Asia. The Mizo natives of the Northeast, India expanse of India claim that the hypertensive populace's minor occurrence in the middle of their society member is because of the habitual ingestion of this medicinal plant as vegetables. Aim: This review summarizes the ethnopharmacology, selected scientific evidence on the pharmacological properties and phytochemistry of Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. This plant is generally considered the most significant herbal variety practiced in the therapy of hypertension by various communities of Northeast India. Methods: The review covers literature about the evidence-based ethnopharmacology, therapeutic potential, and phytochemistry of Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. Literature was collected from non-English journals and English from scientific databases via electronic search (Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, Web of Science, Wiley online library) and Ph.D. thesis databases. Results: Evidence suggests that the extracts and some compounds from. Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp possesses abdominal pain, anthelmintic, antidote, blood purifier, colics in infants, cough, diabetes, diarrhea, and dysentery, gastric disorders. It also has cardioprotective potential, which is a valid scientific basis for consuming it for health benefits in the northeast region of India. Conclusion: Scientific evidence suggests that Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp's immense potential to treat diabetes, hypertension, and other chronic diseases.