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Significantly, the performance of a grid-independent hybrid electric vehicle (GIHEV) is decided by a multi-input converter in it. This paper discusses the detailed mathematical modeling, design, prototype validation, and analysis of a multi-input DC-DC converter (MIC). This converter actively accommodates fuel cell and solar photovoltaic (PV) panel as sources and utilizes the concept of multiple switching frequencies to get wide regulation of output voltage and power flow. The average large-signal modeling, small-signal modeling, and steady-state modeling are demonstrated to achieve accurate design and analysis. The reliability analysis of the proposed converter along with the respective mathematical background is discussed. The proposed system design is validated with the help of an experimental setup and tested effectively. The proposed converter promises higher gain and 95.58% efficiency with fewer switches, low voltage stress, and fewer circuit components.

The multi-input converters play a significant role in developing grid-independent hybrid electric vehicles (GIHEVs). This article describes the design and analysis of a single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC)-based novel multi-input DC-DC converter (MIC) for grid-independent hybrid electric vehicles (GIHEVs) that is powered by a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel and a fuel cell. The average large-signal, small-signal, and steady-state modelings are demonstrated to achieve high-quality design and analysis. The proposed converter promises wide output voltage and power flow management at lower duty cycle values. The sources can transfer energy to the load either jointly or individually in this converter with the appropriate operation of the power switches. A hardware prototype is also developed and tested efficiently to uphold the mathematical modeling, design, and operation. With fewer switches, lower voltage stress, and fewer circuit components, the suggested converter claims better gain and higher (96%) efficiency.