No abstract

Fresh and weathered rocks and saprolite from Horizon B of the Freetown Layered Complex contain platinum-group minerals (PGM). The PGM in the fresh rocks are 1-7 μm across, including cooperite (PtS), isoferroplatinum (Pt 3 Fe), minor tetraferroplatinum (PtFe), tulameenite (Pt 2 FeCu), Os-bearing laurite (RuS 2 ), and other base metalsulfide (BMS)-bearing PGM. The weathered rocks contain fewer of those PGM but a high proportion of disordered Cu-(±Pd)-bearing Pt-Fe alloys. The saprolite hosts scarce, smaller (1-3 μm) ordered PtFe and disordered PtFe 3 . The PtFe alloys became increasingly Fe rich as weathering proceeded. Pt-Fe oxides appeared during weathering. Copper sulfides associated with the primary PGM and cooperite (with <3% Pd) were destroyed to provide the minor Cu and Pd found in some of the disordered Pt-Fe alloys. Platinum-and Pd-bearing saprolites have retained the original rock fabric and, to a depth of about 2 m, surround residual rocks that show progressive weathering (corestones). Ground water passing through the saprolite has transported Pt and Pd (and probably Au) in solution down slope into saprolite over unmineralized rocks. Transport is marked by changes in the Pt/Pd ratio indicating that the metals have moved independently. Palladium is present in marginally higher concentrations in the deeper saprolite than in the corestones suggesting some retention of Pd in the deeper saprolite. Platinum and Pd are less concentrated in the upper saprolite than the deeper saprolite indicating surface leaching. Alteration occurred over a long period in an organic and microbial rich environment that may have contributed to the leaching and transport of PGE.

Heavy mineral concentrates from rivers and river terraces near York, Freetown Peninsula, Sierra Leone have been examined for their platinum-group mineral (PGM) content. The alluvial PGM are 0.1 to 1.5 mm in size and include Cu-bearing isoferroplatinum (Pt3Fe) and disordered Pt3–xFe (x ≤ 0.38), tulameenite (Pt2FeCu), hongshiite (PtCu), cooperite–vysotskite (PtS–PdS), laurite (RuS2), erlichmanite (OsS2), Os-Ir alloy, Os-Ru alloy and native copper.Are the alluvial nuggets primary or a neoformation? Comparison of the PGM mineralogy of fresh rocks, weathered rocks and the saprolite, with the alluvial suite shows strongly contrasting features highlighted by the mineral assemblage. Cooperite in the fresh rocks is rare in the alluvium whilst Pt-Fe alloys become more abundant. Oxidized PGM are a feature only of the weathering process and disordering of the Pt-Fe alloys develops during weathering. Palladium is much less abundant in the alluvial suite than in the primary minerals whereas Cu, present as Cu-sulfides in the fresh rocks, occurs in the alluvium as a minor component of the Pt-Fe alloys and as hongshiite alteration to the Pt-Fe alloys. The size difference is striking; the primary mineralogy is micrometre-sized whereas the alluvial PGM are three orders of magnitude larger. Delicate PGM with alteration textures are seen only in the weathered rocks whilst delicate dendritic PGM are reported only from the alluvial suite. An organic coating to the alluvial PGM may be indicative of an organic or bacterial involvement. Some alluvial PGM occur in a drainage basin devoid of outcrops of PGE-bearing horizons.Together these contrasting features of the primary and placer PGM support the proposal that the Freetown nuggets developed as a result of breakdown of the primary PGM during weathering, movement of the PGE in solution, and growth of new PGM in placers with a different mineral assemblage, mineralogy and mineral chemistry.