Insect herbivores have a variety of life cycles and feeding habits, making them extremely diverse. With their host plants, they form close relationships and suppress their defense mechanisms. Molecular elicitors are the key bio-elements in the detection and recognition of attacking enemies in tissue consumption. Insect oral secretion, frass, and fluid of egg deposition contain biologically active molecules called herbivore-associated elicitors (HAEs) that are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Many plants distinguish insect feeding from wounding by HAEs present in their oral secretions (OS) and induce local and/or systemic responses against arthropod feeding. PRRs perceive HAEs in the oral secretion of caterpillars in a species-specific manner to elicit exclusive defense responses. HAEs-PRRs interactions induce plant resistance by reprogramming plant metabolism and transcriptional machinery. Quantitative, timely, and coordinated plant response initiate early signaling events, including Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). However, in insect herbivory, little is known about the molecular basis of signal transduction and regulation of plant resistance. We discuss here how early signaling cascades converge into the accumulation of phytohormones that regulate downstream special metabolites against herbivores. In this review, we propose a hypothetical model of PPRs-HAEs-mediated-induced responses in plants and discuss how PRRs-HAEs interactions elicit short- and long-term induced defenses in plants. The understanding of PRRs-HAEs interactions will help to explore the fundamental molecular mechanisms of host manipulation and may generate prospects to develop novel pest-resistance strategies.

Insect herbivores have a wide range of life cycles and feeding habits, making them extremely diverse. With their host plants, they form close relationships and suppress their defense mecha-nisms. Molecular elicitors are the key bio-elements in detection and recognition of attacking enemies in tissue consumption. Insect oral secretion, frass, and fluid of egg deposition contain bio-logical active molecules called herbivore-associated elicitors (HAEs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). However, in insect herbivores, little is known about the molecular basis of signal transduction and regulation of plant resistance. Many plants distinguish insect feeding from wounding by HAEs presenting in their oral secretions (OS) and induce local and systemic responses against arthropod feeding. PRRs perceive HAEs in the oral secretion of cater-pillars in a species-specific manner to elicit exclusive defense responses. HAEs-PRRs interactions induce plant resistance by reprogramming plant metabolism and transcriptional machinery. Quantitative, timely, and coordinated plant response initiate early signalling events including Ca+2, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). We have discussed how early signalling cascades converge into the accumulation of phytohormones that regulate down-stream special metabolites against herbivores. In this review, we have drawn a hypothetical model of PPRs-HAEs mediated induced responses in plants and discussed how PRRs-HAEs interactions based on molecular mechanism that elicit short- and long-term induced defenses in plants. The identification of plant target insect herbivore PRRs-HAEs interactions will help to explore the fundamental molecular mechanisms of host manipulation and may generate prospects to develop novel pest resistance strategies.