Introduction: Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) is a slow growing disorder marked by excessive proliferation of cells of myeloid origin which do not lose their capacity to differentiate. Because of unavailability and un-affordability of such markers in most of our tertiary care centers, it is important to have a better understanding of clinical and hematological insight of this disease. Objective: To determine the clinical and hematological features of chronic myelocytic leukemia on bone marrow examination and trephine biopsy Material and method: The current study was cross-sectional study carried out at the Department of Hematology, Hayatabad medical complex, Peshawar from 8/4/2021 to 8/10/2021. In this study a total 196 patients were observed. The findings of bone marrow aspirate for morphology and phase of the disease, along with the trephine biopsy for bone marrow fibrosis were noted. All data with the demographic information like name, age, gender, occupation for further analysis were recorded. Results: In the current study, totally 196 patients were included. There were 112(57%) male patients and 84(43%) patients were female in our study. Based on clinical features and hematological features of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, 153(78%) patients had splenomegaly, 102(52%) patients had fever, 192(98%) patients had leukocytosis, 94(48%) patients had anemia. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the frequency of clinical and hematological features i.e. splenomegaly was 78%, fever was 52%, leukocytosis was 98%, anemia was 48% in patients presenting with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Keywords: clinical and hematological features, chronic myeloid leukemia.

Background: Disorders with a markedly slowed rate of globin chain synthesis are referred to as thalassemia. Hemoglobinopathy is a word used to describe diseases that cause structurally aberrant hemoglobin. Iron deficiency is seen in beta-thalassemia minor, which may change the typically increased HbA2 levels. According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, 7% of the global population carries a hemoglobin problem. Thalassemia is the most prevalent of the hemoglobinopathies, which are significant genetic issues in Pakistan. The prevalence of -thalassemia in Pakistan is around 5%, whereas the prevalence of hemoglobin S or E is between 0.5% and 1%. The purpose of the study was to determine how common beta thalassemia minor was among blood donors. Methods: A total of 500 individuals were recruited in this cross-sectional study who were referred for hemoglobin electro-phoresis between September 2015 and March 2016 were the subject of this investigation. A thorough clinical history was taken, including information on the patient's age, sex, cast, family history, history of blood transfusions, and physical findings such as splenomegaly. Hb Electrophoresis tests were performed on all blood samples. Results: Out of total 500 patients, male were 83.1% (n=79) while female were 16.9% (n=16). Among total individuals, 18.3% (n=94) were found positive cases on Hb electrophoresis technique while remaining 406 patients were observed negative. All recruited individuals were categorised in four (04) different groups based on age; highest number of individuals were found in 18-30 years of age group with 69 patients, followed by 31-40 years of age group (n=19), 41-50 years of age group (n=5.3), and 51-60 years of age group (n=01). 94 (18.3%) had abnormal hemoglobin and beta thalassemia minor. Of them, 79 (84.4%) were men and 16 (17.2%) were women. Conclusion: Many groups in Pakistan continue to struggle with hemoglobin problems. Preventive interventions, such as pre-marriage carrier status identification and screening for beta thalassemia minor, are required to lower the incidence of beta thalassemia major by forcing couples with beta thalassemia minor to abort their pregnancies. Keywords: Hemoglobin Disorders, Thalassemia, β-Thalassemia, Healthy Blood Donors, Hemoglobinopathy

Hepatitis C is one of the major virus infection that causes disease of liver in the world almost infecting every corner of the world, currently more than 72 million are suffering from it [1]. Parts of Africa (5.3%) has highest prevalence in the world, followed by the Mediterranean region in Eastern Europe (4.6%), regions of Western Pacific (3.9%) and Eastern Asia (2.15%) regions. If it comes to the prevalence of hepatitis C in children it is about 0.05% to 0.36% in the USA and Europe while in third world countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh it is between 1.8% to 5.8% [2].

Background: Hematological disorders are found commonly in the general population existing on both ends of the spectrum with minute disorders like iron deficiency anemia to as severe as bone marrow infiltration Objective: To assess the frequency of hematological malignancies based on bone-marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy in patients presenting to tertiary care hospital Methodology: The current study was cross-section descriptive study carried out at the Pathology department of Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan from April 2013 to October 2021. Bone-marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy was done for all the patients. Data regarding gender, age, clinical examination and diagnosis was recorded on a proforma designed for this research. Results were analyzed by using IBM SPSS (version 23). Results: In our study, a total of 182 patients were included. The mean age (±SD) in the current study was 41 (12.6) years. Based on the malignant hematological disorder, acute myelogenous leukemia was diagnosed in 15 (23.08%) patients, acute lymphoblastic leukemia in (23.08%) patients, chronic myeloid leukemia in 14 (21.54%) patients, acute leukemias in 3 (4.62%) patients, Myeloproliferative neoplasms in 6 (9.23%) patients, Lymphoproliferative disease in 11 (16.92%) patients while plasma cell myeloma was diagnosed in 1 (1.54%) patients. Conclusion: Our study concludes that acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematological malignancies in Bacha Khan Medical College followed by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) which is the second highest malignancies in Bacha Khan Medical College in this specific time. Keywords: hematological malignancies, bone-marrow aspiration, trephine biopsy