This chapter focuses on the primary pests attacking oil palm plantations in Malaysia, such as bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), rhinoceros beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), nettle caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and bunch moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The benefit of the integration of various control methods in the management of these oil palm pests are also discussed.

This research was carried out in order to determine the effects of worm fertilizer and nitrogenphosphorus fertilizer dosage differences on flowering of hyacinth as a bulbous ornamental plant from 2016 to 2017 in Siirt University, Turkey. Solid worm fertilizer was applied at dosages of 25 g/bulb (V1), 50 g/bulb (V2), 75 g/bulb (V3) and 2 kg/decare (NP1), 4 kg/decare (NP2), 8 kg/decare (NP3) Nitrogen-Phosphorus (NP) were applied during the growth of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. "Purple Star"). According to the results, the lowest (the earliest time) mean values of the first flowering time, full flowering time, and harvest time were obtained as 135.25 days, 136.54 days, and 137.70 days in V1 treatment, respectively. The highest mean value on leaf number (5.71), leaf length (128.21 mm), stalk thickness (13.50 mm), and floret diameter (28.14 mm) were determined in V1. The highest mean values belong to flower diameter (66.96 mm) and length (116.33 mm) were evaluated in V2 and V3, respectively. Among NP fertilizers, in NP1 the highest mean value on floret number (37.69) while in NP2 the highest mean value on floret length (26.76 mm) were obtained. The highest mean values on leaf diameter and plant height were found as 28.86 mm and 179.54 mm in NP3 treatment. As a result, it has been determined that the hyacinth can be grown with worm fertilization without chemical fertilizer use under ecological conditions of Siirt province. Considering the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment, it is proved that there are no statistically significant differences between them and the worm fertilizer, which is a bio-fertilizer.

Local and exotic germplasm of tomato remains a major source for genetic improvement. Assessment of such lines for biotic stresses particularly viral diseases are the most important criteria for selection in Pakistan, where Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) and Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV) are the major diseases/viruses. A set of 40 accessions (including indigenous Pakistani lines and exotic germplasm from Europe, the United States, and Asia) were evaluated for their resistance/infection response to ToMV with artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Infection response was quantified through disease scoring and DAS-ELISA test (for ToMV). A subset of 24 lines, was further screened for TYLCV using disease scoring and TAS-ELISA. The tested lines showed significant variability for resistance to ToMV. Only one accession (Acc-17878) was resistant to the ToMV whereas seven accessions i.e. Acc-17890, AVR-261, CLN-312, AVR-321, EUR-333, CLN-352, and CLN-362 expressed resistance to TYLCV. Correlation between phenotypic evaluation was confirmed by the ELISA results in both diseases, although both tools complemented to assess the viral infection status. In future, tomato breeding programs must consider breeding for ToMV and TYLCV resistance (using identified germplasm in our study) so as to deliver virus resistant tomato varieties.