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Nowadays universities are going through the transition due which new performance standards have been created. In such situation, performance of employees can be enhanced through effective ethical leadership. The current study has examined the dynamic links between job satisfaction, job performance and ethical leadership in the academia of Pakistan. Using a cross sectional design, quantitative data were collected from 150 academic staff working in three universities. Data were analyzed both by descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that four characteristics, i.e., practicing preacher; safe haven creator; moral motivator and ethical justice were positively associated with job performance, whereas this link was partially mediated by job satisfaction. The results obtained were in a strong concurrence with the existing literature. Hence, universities of Pakistan should focus on developing ethical leadership among their employees. In this way, universities can grow and contribute towards the socioeconomic development of Pakistan.

The current study examined the determinants of electricity consumption and also intends to forecast the electricity consumption in Pakistan. The study has used time series data analysis, applied Johansen Cointegration Test, error correction mechanisms and regression for examining determinants and autoregressive integrated moving average model is used for forecasting. The study has used times series secondary annual data on different variables for the period ranging from 1970 to 2018. The results of the study showed that gross domestic product and population have positive impact on electricity consumption. Whereas, National output (GDP) is statistically significant in the determination of total electricity consumption. The results also indicated that increase in the real economic activities has increases the total electricity consumption. Furthermore, the results of electricity consumption model also suggest that electricity price have negative impact on total electricity consumption. As electricity demand is inelastic to electricity price and income, it indicates that fewer substitutes of electricity are available in the market. Hence electricity is essential component of energy for economy. The results of the current study can be useful for the policymakers and government regulatory bodies relating to electricity.

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PurposeThis paper is an attempt to analyze the nature and extent of social exclusion across regions, ethnolinguistic groups and different professions in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachBy using household level data of Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey, the authors have constructed Social Exclusion Index (SEI) as well as multidimensional deprivation scores across of the households. SEI has been developed by using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) whereas multidimensional deprivation scores have been calculated by following the methodology proposed by Alkire and Foster 2011. In total nine household level indicators related with living standards, education and health have been used for this purpose. In next step the relationship of different household characteristics such as profession of household head region of residence and ethnolinguistic identity has been explored with SEI and multidimensional deprivation scores.FindingsThe empirical results of our analysis show that even after controlling for the income of household, SEI and multidimensional deprivation scores have been found to be significantly different across different professions, different regions and different linguistic groups.Originality/valueThis confirms the prevalence of social exclusion in Pakistani society. Compensatory government policies are suggested as an option to cope with the problem of social exclusion.