Pulmonary Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease, mostly seen in women of reproductive age group. Most common presentation is dyspnoea on exertion, may be associated with haemoptysis and chest pain. LAM is a cystic lung disease, with a poor prognosis and is difficult to treat. In this case reports, we discussed two patients who presented with dyspnoea and chest pain due to pneumothorax and were later diagnosed as case of LAM on clinical and radiological basis. Intercostal Chest tube Drainage (ICD) was inserted for resolution of pneumothorax and subsequently pleurodesis was done to prevent recurrent pneumothorax. In case of recurrent pneumothorax, LAM should be considered as a differential diagnosis. Pleurodesis can be considered to prevent recurrent pneumothorax.

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Pulmonary nocardiosis is a rare bacterial infection that may lead to severe disease in immunodeficient patients and usually not so common in immunocompetent patients. The report is about a 57-year-old male with Norcardiosis. His sputum and Bronchial Alveolar Lavage (BAL) were negative for acid-fast bacilli. Nocardia species was isolated in BAL culture. He was started on Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and Clarithromycin, which was later continued for six months.

Osteochondroma is a benign tumour of the bone, predominantly involving long bones. In our case we report, a rare presentation of osteochondroma in the lumbar spine (L4) in an18 year old male patient. Osteochondromas are rarely seen in the spine and if found, are confined to the cervical-dorsal region. Very few cases have been reported till date of osteochondroma presenting in the lumbar spine. Even rare is an osteochondroma arising from the spinous process. In our case intra operatively a bony tumour with a cartilaginous cap was noted. Histopathology of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of osteochondroma. Following excision of the tumour patient was symptom free.

Mediastinal tuberculosis is a rare infection resulting from direct inoculation of organisms or through hematogenous spread. Infected lymph nodes may also transfer the bacilli through lymphatic route. Mediastinal tuberculosis may resemble a pyogenic abscess or tumour which might indicate tubercular aetiology and remains a clinical challenge. In tuberculosis endemic countries like India, all the abscesses indolent to routine treatment need investigation to rule out mycobacterial causes. Authors hereby report a case of 60-year-old male with anterior mediastinal tubercular abscess.