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A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is receiving a great attention by different communities (e.g. military and civil applications) thanks to its self-configuration and selfmaintenance potential. Securing a MANET is a very critical matter as it is vulnerable to different attacks and also it is characterised with no clear line of defence. Since any security solution relies on a particular trust model, there are different types of trust models that could suit MANETs. This paper present a design of security architecture based on the hybrid trust model. It consists of a set of servers (i.e. a Central authority Server (CAS), Threshold Authority Servers (TASs) and Delegated Authority Servers (DASs)) emulating certification authorities. Our security architecture caters for improving services availability and utilisation.

This work presents our approach to formally model the Swiftaid system design, a digital platform that enables donors to automatically add Gift Aid to donations made via card payments. Following principles of Behaviour-Driven Development, we use Gherkin to capture requirements specified in legislation, specifically the UK Charity (Gift Aid Declarations) Regulations 2016. The Gherkin scenarios provide a basis for subsequent formal modelling and analysis using Event-B, Rodin and ProB. Interactive model simulations assist communication between domain experts, software architects and other stakeholders during requirements capture and system design, enabling the emergent system behaviour to be validated. Our approach was employed within the development of the real Swiftaid product, launched by Streeva in February 2019. Our analysis helped conclude that there was not a strong enough business case for one of the features, which was shown to provide nominal user convenience at the expense of increased complexity. This work provides a case study in allying formal and agile software development to enable rapid development of robust software.

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