Objective Diversity and equity in medicine remain pivotal to care delivery. Data analysis on sex and racial diversity of pain medicine fellowship trainees and faculty in the United States are scant. We sought to characterize demographic and retention patterns among pain medicine fellows and faculty, who represent the emerging chronic pain management workforce. Design cross-sectional retrospective analysis. Method We conducted an analysis of data from the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the United States Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-approved residency and fellowship training-programs for each year from 2009 through 2019, inclusively. We compared changes in sex, racial/ethnicity composition and retention rates of fellows and faculty in the United States by practice setting. Results From 2009 to 2019, there was a 14% increase in the number of ACGME pain fellowship programs. From 2009 to 2019, the ratio of men to women pain fellows ranged from 5:1 to 3.7:1. Compared to their self-identified White peers, Asian (OR 0.44; 95% CI: 0.34–0.58), Black (OR 0.46; 95% CI: 0.30–0.72), and Native American/Alaskan Native (OR 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08–0.80) identifying individuals had significantly lower odds of being a pain fellow, p < 0.05. There was no significant difference in female (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.148-1.09) and Black (OR 0.36; 95% CI: 0.11–1.12) program-directors. Pain-fellow in-state retention was 53%. Conclusions The demographics of pain medicine training programs reflect a persistent male vs. female gap with underrepresentation of racial minorities. Further research is needed to elucidate reasons underlying these disparities.

No abstract

Objective: To evaluate the association of self-reported physical function with subjective and objective measures as well as temporospatial gait features in lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Design: Cross-sectional pilot study. Setting: Outpatient multispecialty clinic. Participants: Participants with LSS and matched controls without LSS (n=10 per group; N=20). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Self-reported physical function (36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36] physical functioning domain), Oswestry Disability Index, Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire, the Neurogenic Claudication Outcome Score, and inertia measurement unit (IMU)-derived temporospatial gait features Results: Higher self-reported physical function scores (SF-36 physical functioning) correlated with lower disability ratings, neurogenic claudication, and symptom severity ratings in patients with LSS ( P <.05). Compared with controls without LSS, patients with LSS have lower scores on physical capacity measures (median total distance traveled on 6-minute walk test: controls 505 m vs LSS 316 m; median total distance traveled on self-paced walking test: controls 718 m vs LSS 174 m). Observed differences in IMU-derived gait features, physical capacity measures, disability ratings, and neurogenic claudication scores between populations with and without LSS were statistically significant. Conclusions: Further evaluation of the association of IMU-derived temporospatial gait with self-reported physical function, pain related-disability, neurogenic claudication, and spinal stenosis symptom severity score in LSS would help clarify their role in tracking LSS outcomes.