These results provide strong evidence that the Gulf war and trade sanctions caused a threefold increase in mortality among Iraqi children under five years of age. We estimate that more than 46,900 children died between January and August 1991.

The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Jordanian schoolchildren is high, suggesting that most acquisition occurs before the age of 6 years. The seroprevalence for H. pylori increases with social deprivation.

VAI was common in hemodialysis patients, and the risk varied substantially among different VA types and different dialysis units. The infection rate from catheters and AVFs was similar to that reported in many studies, but the infection rate in the arteriovenous graft group was lower than that for AVFs. These results can be improved by strictly following the National Kidney Foundation Disease Output Quality Initiative clinical practice guidelines for dialysis access.