Recently, three important rivers in Asia and Oceania were acknowledged as legal persons. Questions emerge, such as: Which motivation drives the people who urged the respective courts and governments to grant these rivers legal personhood, in other words, to create Rights of Nature? Do these events lead to transformative social innovation and change our perspectives of how we see nature? As methodology we employ doctrinal research, examining original legal documents and contemporary news sources concerning the three grassroots initiatives on the rivers. The analysis reveals that there are different reasons for proposing this innovative legal approach of creating Rights of Nature. They include: providing people access to clean rivers for drinking water, sanitation, transportation and agricultural purposes; preventing the river from disappearing; addressing the issue of pollution and toxicity of river water; acknowledging the divine status of the river; and honouring indigenous beliefs concerning the river. The research findings demonstrate transformative social innovation: in all three cases, grassroots initiatives led to a system change. Moreover, dissemination of information concerning individual cases inspires other societal groups to reconsider the situation of their own ecosystems and to develop innovative governance possibilities, thereby honouring an alternative worldview in which human beings see themselves as part of nature rather than owning it just for utilitarian purposes.

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Abstract:Background: This is a Prospective observational study conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BSMMU, Dhaka. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate maternal and perinatal outcome of pregnancy with history of previous caesarean section. Method: Data were collected as per questionnaire by researchers herself by interviewing the patients and by observing the operations, investigation records and post-operative follow-up. A total number of 150 patients admitted with pregnancy with history of one or more previous caesarean section. Outcome measure: To find out antepartum complications, per-operative and post-operative complications specially related to previous caesarean section and to find out perinatal mortality and morbidity. Results: Among 150 patients who were delivered after one or more previous caesarean section, 88(52%) patients had antepartum complications the majority (88%) pregnancies were term pregnancy. The per-operative problem was difficulty to reach lower uterine segment due to adhesion with bladder was 16%. Overall post-operative complications were 20% cases. The common complications were wound infection (86%). Perinatal complications were 20(30%) cases. Conclusion: The wide spread improvement in anaesthesia, surgical technique, antibiotics and blood transfusions have decreased the morbidity and mortality from caesarean section, but it is not without hazard.