OBJECTIVES:The HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine has been one of the most successful vaccines in the past decade, securing rapid inclusion onto national immunization programmes (NIP). By contrast, the HZ (herpes zoster) vaccine, another recent launch, has failed to gain widespread coverage. The aim of this research is to compare these cases based on cost effectiveness in order to understand underlying criteria for successful vaccine uptake. METHODS: We conducted a literature review using databases (Cochrane library, Medline and Google scholar) for the time period 1995 Ϫ2010. Key search words included HPV, HZ, vaccination, economic evaluation and cost effectiveness. Extracted studies were selected based on pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Despite low incidence rates for cervical cancer in some countries, the HPV vaccine was considered to be cost effective with ratios ranging from $14,149 to $29,580/QALY. It provides long term protection in a young population. Although the HZ vaccine displayed a similar CE range, $16,229 to $28,325/QALY, this was heavily dependent on age (optimal years being 60-70). Consequently, the HZ vaccine is indicated for the elderly. It is also considered to provide waning immunity after initial vaccination. From a public health point of view, the HZ vaccine was not as well received as the HPV vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to vaccine efficacy, long term immunity and safety, there are additional factors which influence vaccine uptake. For example there are substantial public good aspects of vaccination with long term societal returns reflected in maximal population coverage. In particular, awareness and support from the medical profession, particularly general practitioners, also assist in the perception of societal value that a vaccine can provide. These factors are all very important considerations beyond economic evaluation, and therefore have great influence over inclusion onto NIPs.OBJECTIVES: Immunization Information Systems (IIS) were developed to improve quality and efficiencies in health management. Policies that govern IIS systems are complex, and may interact with other immunization record policies. This study updates and expands on a 9-year-old survey. METHODS: IIS relevant statutes and regulations in 50 states, 5 cities and Washington D.C. (Nϭ56) were identified through legal databases and reviewed for content. Coding categories were derived considering previous studies, including IIS authorization, covered entities, privacy and information sharing, reporting, enforcement and similar provisions within the A122
