A plethora of research spanning several decades has attempted to understand predictors of retention and graduation in undergraduate bachelor’s degree programs. The topic is no less important today, as larger and larger swaths of the American population attend college each year. Studies have demonstrated that key demographic variables, indicators of academic readiness, and financial challenges all appear to be important predictors of student retention and graduation. In addition to these historically important indicators, other modern considerations, such as an increasing number of nontraditional students and the availability of online programs, deserve mention. In this review, we covered both historical predictors of success, as well as more novel challenges to the college experience, limiting our discussion to research published since 2010. We also discuss relevant theoretical models for synthesizing this broad array of findings and provide suggestions for the future of research on this topic for the upcoming decade.