Salmonella enterica includes serotypes that  were implicated as a food borne pathogens crucially affecting public health and the economic organization. This study was directed to isolate  and identify of Salmonella strains from 222 different species and ages of poultry (broiler, chick, ducks, pigeon, quails) from Kafr El Sheikh governorate. The Salmonella isolation rate was (4.5%) as (0.9%) from apparently healthy, (3.6%) from diseased birds. The outer membrane protein F gene was used as promising tool for detection of Genus Salmonella, after that four isolates were identified serologically as two Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The resistance pattern of positive Salmonella isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotypes and qnrS for quinolone resistant genes  was recorded in one isolate while blaTEM for β-lactam resistant isolates, aacC for aminoglycosides were recorded in all four Salmonella isolates using PCR technique. Also, Class 1 integrons detected with a percentage of (100%) in examined isolates.  Sequencing of the class 1 integrons cassettes  showed genes encoding resistance specified to streptothricin acetyltransferase (sat) gene, aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (aac3-Id) and aminoglycoside adenyltransferase (aadA7). Class 1 integrons harbored gene encoding domains unfunction protein (duf) in one S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate. This study spotlights the significant role of the drug–resistance genes and Class 1 integrons in Salmonella as zoonotically important pathogens of public health importance.Key words: poultry; Salmonella; drug- resistance genes; integrons gene cassettes

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Poultry production is affected by several fungal diseases. Such fungal infection occurs in poultry farms via using a moldy litter, or ingestion of contaminated drinking water or moldy ration. In this study, a total of 210 birds with a history of respiratory distress of different breeds were collected randomly from sporadic different private farms and hatcheries in El–Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. The birds were sacrificed, then a total of 1050 tissue specimens from lung, air sacs, liver, crop and trachea were collected. In addition, 40 samples of poultry ration, 14 bedding materials, 4 air samples and 29 water samples were also collected. The collected samples were cultured on Sabouraud’s agar plates. Macromorphological and micromorphological fungal examinations were performed for phenotypic characterization. Histopathological examinations were also performed using with hematoxylin and eosin stains. Antifungal sensitivity testing was screened using Mueller’s Hinton Agar for studying the susceptibility of the recovered fungal isolates to the most commonly used antifungal drugs in Egypt, namely amphotericin B, clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and nystatin. The obtained results demonstrated that mold isolation was the highest in the collected samples from birds at 36.84%, followed by drinking water (31.57%). The highest incidence of mold isolation was recorded at the lungs of broilers and baladi birds followed by the air sacs. While in saso birds, the highest incidence was at the air sac. Collectively, 97 mold strains were identified from the lung, 74 from the air sacs, 30 from the liver, 61 from the trachea, and 44 from the crop. In addition, 19 mold isolates were recovered from the bird surroundings. Aspergillus niger as well as Penicillium chrysogenum were recovered and showed resistance to ketoconazole, while Cladosporium perangustum was resistant to fluconazole. All of the isolated molds were sensitive to itraconazole and nystatin except A. flavus that was resistant to nystatin. All Aspergillus spp. were resistant to fluconazole except A. niger. In conclusion, Aspergillus spp. was the most associated mold with poultry species and their surroundings in Egypt farms. Itraconazole and nystatin could be applied as proper antifungal drugs the control of for Aspergillus infection in birds.

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