Association mapping is an efficient approach for the identification of the molecular basis of agronomic traits in crop plants. For this purpose in pea (Pisum sativum L.), we genotyped and phenotyped individual lines of the single-plant-derived core collection of the USDA pea collection including accessions from 330 landraces and cultivars of Pisum var. pumilio, three P. abyssinicum, two P. fulvum, and one P. sativum subsp. transcaucasicum. These 384 accessions were collected or donated from a total of 64 countries. The accessions were genotyped with 256 informative SNPs using a primer extension chemistry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry assay. Genetic structure analysis showed that the collection was structured into two main groups, corresponding roughly to the cultivated types/landraces and the more primitive form species and subspecies, with some intermediates. Linkage disequilibrium of pairwise loci and population structure of the collection were analyzed, and an association analysis between SNP genotypes and 25 valuable traits such as disease resistance, seed type/color, flower color, seed low molecular weight carbohydrate concentration, and seed mineral nutrient concentration was performed using a mixed linear model. A total of 71 marker-trait associations were detected as significant with 1-34Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (markers per trait based on the false discovery rate (FDR \ 0.05). This study demonstrates the potential of using association mapping to identify markers for pea breeding.

7Faba bean is a valuable pulse crop for human consumption. The low molecular weight 8 carbohydrates (LMWC): glucose, fructose, sucrose (GFS), raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose 9 (RFO-raffinose family oligosaccharides) in faba bean seeds contribute to the flavor and 10 prebiotic nature of this edible bean. Understanding the variation of these compounds across the 11 species would aid plant breeders in their selection efforts to release improved varieties. 12 Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify LMWCs from a diverse collection of faba bean 13 germplasm. The LMWCs of mature and immature seed from 40 faba bean populations across a 14 range of seed sizes (26.2-172.0 g·100 seed -1 ) were quantified with an Agilent 1260 Infinity LC 15 (size exclusion chromatography/gel permeation chromatography) system with refractive index 16 detection. Sucrose was the predominant constituent LMWC of immature seeds ranging from 5.9 17 to 22.6% DW for cotyledons and 6.7 to 16.7% DW for seed coats, while total RFO averaged 18 <1% DW across populations. The sucrose content of mature seeds was relatively stable across 19 population with a mean of 2.4% DW, while RFO content ranged from 2.5 to 7.5% DW. The 20 apparent positive relationship between seed size and GFS of immature seed and sucrose and 21 RFO of mature seed indicates that selection for seed size may also affect LMWC concentration. 22 Keywords: Vicia faba, faba bean (fava bean); raffinose-family oligosaccharides; food analysis; 23 food composition; nutritional quality; high performance liquid chromatography 24 25 26Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a versatile cool-season pulse crop utilized for human and animal 27 consumption (Crépon et al., 2010). There are three main botanical varieties of faba bean: var. 28 minor (<40 g·100 seed -1 ), var. equina (40-80 g·100 seed -1 ), and var. major (>80 g·100 seed -1 ) 29 (Duc, 1997). Minor and equina types are mainly utilized as mature dry seeds, while immature 30 seed of var. major is most often consumed as a fresh vegetable (Hawtin and Hebblethwaite, 31 1983; Baginsky et al., 2013). 32The main energy components and therefor value of mature faba bean seed is most often 33 attributed to starch (~40% DW) and protein (~30% DW) contents (Pritchard et al., 1973; Guillon 34 and Champ, 2002). However, low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWC): glucose, fructose, 35 sucrose (GFS) and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO): raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose 36 also contribute to seed quality (White, 1966; El-Shimi et al., 1980; Freijnagel et al., 1997; Duc et 37 al., 1999). 38The majority of interest has been given to RFOs as they are presumed to be 39 antinutritional (Frauen et al., 1984; Ruperez, 1998) or non-nutritional (Torress et al., 2012. 40However, alternative opinions suggest that these flatulence-causing carbohydrates may also 41 serve as important health promoting prebiotics (Tomomatsu, 1994; Frias et al., 1996; Champ, 42 2002; Martinez-Villaluenga et al., 2008). Hayakawa et al. (1990) showed that lo...

Understanding cold acclimation and identifying the low molecular weight carbohydrates that support the development of freezing tolerant safflower seedlings will aid in breeding winter-hardy cultivars for temperate cropping systems. Three field selected lines of winter safflower (WSRC01: PI 651878; WSRC02: PI 651879; WSRC03: PI 651880) were cold acclimated for four weeks at 4 °C and compared to seedlings grown for two weeks at 20 °C. The commercial spring-type cultivar, Olé, served as a non-hardy check. Leaf, stem, and root fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose concentrations all increased to variable extents across the PI accessions after cold acclimation. In comparison with Olé, winter safflower accessions tended to be more responsive to cold acclimation by increasing metabolite concentration. Verbascose was only recovered within leaf tissue and PI 651880 was the only entry to show a substantial alteration in verbascose concentration due to cold acclimation. Based on these data, no specific low molecular carbohydrate was responsive or responsible for the accumulation of freezing tolerance, but a concert of metabolites and their responsiveness may help explain the observed differences in development, freezing tolerance, and ultimately winterhardiness among safflower germplasm.

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