Community Development Agreements (CDAs) have the potential to facilitate the delivery of tangible benefits from large-scale investment projects, such as mines or forestry concessions, to affected persons and communities. To be effective, however, CDAs must be adapted to the local context, meaning that no single model agreement or process will be appropriate in every situation. Nonetheless, leading practices are emerging which can be required by governments, voluntarily adopted by companies, and demanded by communities. These practices are grounded in ensuring that all parties are sufficiently informed, capacitated, and prepared to engage in meaningful negotiations regarding how the investor's operations should benefit local stakeholders. This article reviews existing research on CDAs, as well as available agreements from the extractive sector in Australia, Canada, Laos, Papua New Guinea, Ghana and Greenland. It articulates seven broad leading practices and how different stakeholders could work to achieve more effective agreements.

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Smaller, and Lou Wells for their helpful and probing reviews. We also thank Nathan Lobel, Lisa Sachs, and Kelly Ward for their editorial support. Finally, we would like to extend our sincere thanks to the individuals from government, development organizations, law firms, academia, and the private sector interviewed for this project, as well as the individuals who provided survey responses. Acknowledgments This report was funded by UKaid from the Department for International Development, although the views expressed do not necessarily represent those of the UK government.

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Land and Agriculture; Lead: Human Rights and Investment, Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment. 3 This article is the subject of extensive and sustained research and collaboration by a range of actors to whom the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude. We would like to re-extend our deep thanks to the Indigenous and civil society representatives who participated in the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment and Middlesex University London workshop on "The politics and practice of FPIC: Understanding power, interests and what they mean for inclusive and effective investment-related decision-making," which was held in New York on April 25, 2019, co-organized with Tehtena Mebratu-Tsegaye and Cathal Doyle, and implemented with support from the Ford Foundation. We are extremely grateful to Cathal Doyle, Federica Violi and Lara Wallis for their immensely helpful and probing peer reviews of an earlier version of this article. We also benefitted from research assistance from CCSI interns Alex Lutz, Inès Rejraji, Aarthi Sridharan, and Jo Wu, and from research conducted by Jesse Coleman for a 2017 working paper entitled "Articulating a Rights-Based Argument for Land Contract Disclosure." Jodi Liss also provided helpful comments. Sam Szoke-Burke presented an earlier version of this article at the 2017 World Bank Land and Poverty Conference.