We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level.

Background: There are different types of teeth anomalies that effects the people of different regional populations. Aim: To determine the occurrence of dental anomalies in patients of Taxila that visit our college for routine dental procedures. Methods: The study was retrospective and was conducted on periapical intraoral radiographs of patients between the ages of 15 to 35 years, with no gender discrimination at Dental College HITEC-IMS. Results: We collected data from 450 periapical intraoral radiographs that were taken in last six months (i.e. 15th January 2021 till 15th July 2021) in dental radiology department. Conclusion: The dental anomalies that were found in the population of taxila were impacted teeth, missing teeth, rotated tooth, supernumerary teeth (mesiodens), root dilacerations, peg lateral, taurodontism and hypercementosis. Keywords: Root anomalies, dental anomalies, periapical radiograph