This research examined, via a multi-method linked design, the influences over police decision making when disorderly behaviour is being dealt with in the context of a new type of offence disposal, the penalty notice for disorder (PND). The results of a multivariate analysis of the factors predicting the real-life issuance of PNDs to offenders formed the basis of an experiment (using serving police officers as participants) that probed officers' decision-making processes in disorder scenarios. This approach presents an opportunity to gain insight into how police use the power of arrest when an alternate, less-punitive, option is available.Keywords Police discretion . Disorder . Arrest . Fixed penalty notices . Police decision making . Mixed methods design Following a growing political agenda to restore public confidence in law enforcement by tackling low-level offending or 'signal crimes' that fuel public fear (Innes and Fielding 2002;Kelling and Coles 1996;Wilson and Kelling 1982), research into policing disorder has become particularly energised within the UK. However, the extent to which police officers are themselves influenced by such signal crimes remains unclear, and the lack of consensus on a precise definition further obfuscates the issue. For example, the British Crime Survey (BCS) categorises a range of disorder offences (including vandalism, car abandonment, littering, being noisy neighbours, being drunk in public and rowdy behaviour) as antisocial behaviour. The 2006/2007 BCS sweeps show that 18% of respondents

Social interactions experienced by later born children are characterised by less supportive and more directional communication than first borns. These less supportive interactions may result in later born children having smaller vocabularies. However, the interactions may also help later born children develop conversational skills. The aim of this study was to examine these issues in relation to the speech abilities of 5 and 6 year old, first and later born children. The first borns were found to have larger receptive vocabularies, but less developed conversational skills than later born children. Closer examination of the data suggested that this effect could be due to singletons.

Objective To review instruments used to assess disease stability or progression in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) that can guide clinicians in optimizing therapy. Methods A non-systematic review of scientific literature was undertaken to explore modalities of monitoring symptoms and the disease evolution of MS. Results Multiple outcome measures, or tools, have been developed for use in MS research as well as for the clinical management of pwMS. Beginning with the Expanded Disability Status Scale, introduced in 1983, clinicians and researchers have developed monitoring modalities to assess all aspects of MS and the neurological impairment it causes. Conclusions Much progress has been made in recent decades for the management of MS and for the evaluation of disease progression. New technology, such as wearable sensors, will provide new opportunities to better understand changes in function, dexterity, and cognition. Essential work over the decades since EDSS was introduced continues to improve our ability to treat this debilitating disease.

Resilience generally refers to an individual's ability to overcome illness or to cope with trauma or adversity. There appears to be great variability in this regard, possibly being attributable to life events, social designations, personality traits and genetic factors. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between early life trauma, social connectedness and psychological well-being and to investigate the role of a neuropeptide Y (NPY)