A review of the literature revealed that pharmacists have been involved in the ED for decades. Services provided by pharmacists in the ED included traditional clinical pharmacy services, responding to medical emergencies, providing consultations on medication issues, identifying and reducing medication errors, and conducting medication histories at hospital admission. Some services were shown to be cost saving or cost avoiding.

Information regarding the room-temperature storage of 79 medications labeled for refrigerated storage was compiled.

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A pilot study demonstrated that approximately one third of elderly patients' medication information available to the ED physician at the time of the initial diagnostic and therapeutic intervention differed from that obtainable from outside caregivers.