Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate frequency of tubal factors as a cause of female subfertility using laparoscopy. Study design: It was a cross-sectional study Setting: This study was conducted at Obstetrics and Gynecology department, Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital Lahore / Rashid Latif Medical College Duration of study: Study was done in 6 months [June 4, 2022 till December 4, 2022] Methodology: Using non probability consecutive sampling 179 females with primary and secondary subfertility who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Detailed demographics were recorded after taking informed written consent. Results: The mean age of participants was 29.12 ± 4.04 years with minimum and maximum age between 19 and 42 years. The mean duration of marriage was 7.13 ± 3.66 years with minimum and maximum duration of marriage between 3 and 17 years. The mean duration of subfertility was 5.32 ± 3.26 years with minimum and maximum duration of subfertility between 2 and 18 years. There were 137(76.5%) of the cases who had primary and 42(23.5%) females had secondary subfertility. A total of 56(31.2%) females had tubal factors and 123(68.7%) females did not have tubal factors as cause of subfertility. There were 39(21.8%) females who had Peri tubal adhesion, 17(9.5%) females had tubo ovarian mass. Among the 56 participants who had tubal factor presents 40 (22.3%) had bilateral blocked tubes Conclusion: Through the findings of this study , we concluded that 31.2% females had tubal factors subfertility, including 21.8% females with peri tubal adhesion and 9.5% females with tubo ovarian mass. 22.3% of the participants had bilateral blocked tubes. Hence proper evaluation of the female partner in a subfertile couple should be done by laparoscopy which is a superior tool for diagnosing tubal factors responsible for subfertility and tubal patency should also be confirmed before prescribing treatment such as ovulation induction. Keywords: Infertility, diagnostic laparoscopy, tubal factors, peri tubal adhesion, tubo ovarian mass, blocked tubes

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a major contributor that leads to severe morbidity and even high risk for maternal mortality. There is lack of information about factors that lead to anemia, especially in low-income countries. Objective: To determine the frequency of factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital, Lahore Material and methods: This cross sectional study was one at Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology for 6 months from 1st October 2021 to 1st March 2022. One hundred females were enrolled and their medical records and history was taken to determine the factors involved in anemia during pregnancy. All the data was analyzed in SPSS v26. Results: In this study, the mean age of females was 28.61 ± 6.45 years. The mean gestational age at presentation was 35.02 ± 2.17 weeks. The mean age at first pregnancy was 22.76 ± 4.79 years. The mean birth interval was 7.39 ± 3.92 months. Out of 100 females, the most common factor was inter-pregnancy interval <6 months [48 (48%)], followed-by 72 (72%) not taken folic acid, 86 (86%) of not taking iron supplement, 44 (44%) were taking grains only, 50 (50%) were taking vegetables only, 41 (41%) were taking meat >2 times per week, 64 (64%) were not taking fruits, 69 (69%) were not taking milk, 57 (57%) were avoiding food or taking less meals, 61 (61%) had nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and 38 (38%) had chronic anemia (before pregnancy). Conclusion: In this study, all of the above factors were highly effective in occurrence of anemia in pregnancy. Key words: pregnancy, anemia, nausea and vomiting, folic acid