Background Thiamine deficiency ( TD ) models have been developed, mainly using the thiamine analog pyrithiamine. Other analogs have not been used in rodents. We aimed to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of intraperitoneal (ip) amprolium‐induced TD in mice. We also evaluated the associated pathogenesis using antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory compounds (Trolox, dimethyl sulfoxide). Methods Male mice were separated into two groups, one receiving a standard diet (control animals), and the other a TD diet (deficient groups) for 20 days. Control mice were further subdivided into three groups receiving daily ip injections of saline (NaCl 0.9%; Cont group), Tolox (Tr group) or dimethyl sulfoxide ( DMSO ; Dmso group). The three TD groups received amprolium (Amp group), amprolium and Trolox (Amp+Tr group), or amprolium and DMSO (Amp+Dmso group). The animals were subjected to behavioral tests and then euthanized. The brain and viscera were analyzed. Results Amprolium exposure induced weight loss with hyporexia, reduced the behavioral parameters (locomotion, exploratory activity, and motor coordination), and induced changes in the brain (lower cortical cell viability) and liver (steatosis). Trolox co‐treatment partially improved these conditions, but to a lesser extent than DMSO . Conclusions Amprolium‐induced TD may be an interesting model, allowing the deficiency to develop more slowly and to a lesser extent. Amprolium exposure also seems to involve oxidative stress and inflammation, suggested as the main mechanisms of cell dysfunction in TD .

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Thiamine is an essential cofactor for several cellular functions. Your deficiency results in important neurological disorders, with mechanisms and lesions not fully understood. The purpose of this work was to evaluate a thiamine deficiency through the model of oral administration of amprolium in mice. The animals, treated for 20 or 80 days, received amprolium in drinking water at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/mL (deficient groups A, B, and C, respectively). Deficient groups A and B showed reduction in body weight gain and performance changes in the open field (decreased distance and rearing, and increased grooming) and rotarod (reduced latency to fall) behavioural tests, when treated for 80 days. However, no histological changes were observed in the central nervous system. Moreover, group B animals exposed to amprolium developed proteinuria, with moderate tubular nephrosis, at 80 days. At the highest dose (group C) there was no interest to drink water. The data suggest that the use of oral amprolium in mice may be an interesting and viable model, when using adequate exposure times and doses. The amprolium induces thiamine deficiency progressively and moderately, which may be potentially useful for disturbed pathogenesis studies.

Transfer of immunity in pregnant bitches is inefficient, only 5 to 10% of the antibodies are transferred through the placenta to their offspring. Therefore, newborns are dependent on the transfer of antibodies through colostrum, having a poorly developed immune system. He knows that immediate neonatal diseases represent a great challenge for the veterinarian, since there is a high correlation between canine neonatal mortality and the lower concentration of immunoglobulin in their first days of life. Thus, adequate colostrum intake immediately after delivery of bitches is essential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of colostrum by digital refractometry (% Brix) in the different pairs of teats of bitches after normal delivery and cesarean section. Ten bitches of different breeds, reproductive ages and varied body characterizations were used, in which the samples were collected in the 24 hours after calving, with females submitted to normal deliveries (n = 4) and cesareans (n = 6). Colostrum samples after normal delivery or cesarean delivery were evaluated by total protein concentration (PT) using the Digital Refractometry (% Brix) technique. Statistical analysis was used ANAVA followed by the Tukey test (P < 0.05). The means of% Brix by digital refractometry of colostrum, collected from bitches that had normal delivery and cesarean were 28.22 ± 1.38 and 27.08 ± 1.65 respectively. No effect of the type of delivery, as well as the type of theta (right x left) on the total protein value evaluated by refractometry was observed. In conclusion, the refractometry method used in this study proved to be practical, low cost and easy to perform and can be easily used. In addition, it was verified that the quality of colostrum in the different pairs of teats of bitches does not present significant differences and does not suffer from the type of delivery.

Resumo. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a integridade testicular de ovinos através da ultrassonografia modo-B. Utilizamos 16 ovinos machos sem raça definida, idade de 06 a 36 meses pesando de 16 a 71kg, criados em sistema semi-intensivo. Antes da realização das avaliações por ultrassom os machos foram pesados e realizou-se uma avaliação geral por inspeção e palpação com objetivo de detectar por inspeção e palpação possíveis alterações no aparelho reprodutor. O exame por ultrassom foi realizado quinzenalmente, obtendo imagens de cada testículo, correspondentes às posições: sagital (longitudinal) e transversal (lateromedial), por um só operador, com o animal em posição quadrupedal, sem tricotomia, e contenção manual, usando um ultrasson (Honda® -HS1500V) acoplado a um transdutor linear de 7MHz com frequência 8.0 MHz em todas as avaliações. Foi possível facilmente identificar nas imagens ultrassonográficas o parênquima testicular, mediastino e as túnicas delimitando o parênquima. Observa-se na região central do parênquima testicular o mediastino, uma linha e um ponto, quando avaliados nos planos sagital e transversal respectivamente e apresentavam sempre característica hiperecóica em relação ao parênquima. Observou-se sempre nas imagens as túnicas testiculares, estrutura caracteristicamente hiperecóicas delimitando o parênquima testicular, visualizadas como uma linha hiperecogênica, brilhante, que circunda o parênquima testicular separando-o do escroto. Dente os animais submetidos ao exame por ultrassom, três deles um com idade de 16 meses em atividade reprodutiva e dois com 36 meses e em repouso sexual apresentaram imagens com pontos sugestivos de calcificações testiculares observadas até o fim do estudo. Porém várias pesquisas não as correlacionaram com patologias, e existem controvérsias em ralação a presença das mesmas quando considerada a idade e composição do achado. É possível avaliar a integridade testicular de ovinos através da ultrassonografia modo-B. O exame por ultrassom do sistema genital de ovinos pode ser uma técnica útil que pode ser utilizada com sucesso e conveniência para fins de diagnóstico do testículo de ovinos.