HighlightsImprovements in ORYZA (v3) were identified and compared to ORYZA2000.Soil carbon, nitrogen, and temperature dynamic modules were developed.Algorithms for the effects of environmental stresses on rice growth were improved.Case studies confirmed successful improvement of the model.
Most wheat exports are accounted for by a limited number of countries with diflerent policy regimes and specializing, for the most part, in particular classes of wheat. Under these circumstances, there is likely to be considerable interaction among the major exporting countries in the determination of wheat prices. In this paper, price linkages between the U.S. and other exporting countries (Canada, the European Union, Argentina and Australia) in the world wheat market are investigated. Afer determining that the direction of causality is from U. S. prices to the prices of other exporting countries, the nature of the price linkages is studied. The results suggest that the major exporting countries respond asymmetrically to U.S. price changes. The degree of asymmetry diflers from one exporting country to another, Argentina and the European Union show greater response to falling prices than to rising prices, while the opposite is true for Canada and Australia.
Laplupartdes exportations de bksonte$ect&espar un nombre limitt?&pays. Cespays ontdespolitiques agricoles diflerentes et peuvent @tre differencit?s selon le type de bit! exporte. I1 est probable, aims de telles circonstances, que ks actions des pays exportateurs ne sont pas entierement indtipendentes, notamment en ce qui conceme la determination des prix. Le present article analyse les rapports entre les prix a 1 'exportation des Etats-Unis, du Canada, de 1'Union Europeenne, de 1 'Argentine et de 1;4ustralie. Apt-es avoir dt!tennint que la direction de causalite va des Etats-Unis aux autres pays exportateurs, la nature des rapports entre les diflerents prix intemationaux est &udit?e. L.es resultats indiquent que les prix &s autres pays expottateurs variem dune man&e asym&rique suite cf des changements des prix am&t'cains. Les prix argentins et europeens suivent les baisses des prix plus precisement que les montees tandis que 1 'evolution des prix canadiens et australiens va darts le sens contraire.
This paper examines relationships between U.S. and Canadian wheat prices using the cointegration and error correction approach. The use of the error correction model is appropriate because U.S. and Canadian wheat prices are first‐differenced stationary and cointegrated. The results suggest that both U.S. durum and hard spring wheat prices respond to restore equilibrium relationships with the corresponding Canadian price, while the Canadian prices do not. That is, the structure of the respective policies is such that the Canadian markets are largely insulated from influences flowing directly from the U.S., while U.S. markets are not insulated from Canadian influences. These results could be interpreted to support the contention that Canadian production subsidies and the implicit export subsidies would tend to undermine the U.S. price support program. The results also support the price leadership role for Canada in the durum and hard spring wheat markets. The implication is that with respect to durum and spring wheats, U.S. policies to artificially support domestic prices are not effective over the long run.
Les rapports entre les prix de blé canadiens et américains sont étudiés á partir des analyses basées sur la cointégration et la méthode de correction des erreurs. L'emploi de la méthode de correction des erreurs est approprié car les prix de blé canadiens et américains sont cointegres et stationnaires quand Us sont exprimes en changements (first differences). Les résultats montrent que les prix du blé dur (durum) et du blé panifiable du printemps (hard spring) aux États‐ Unis reagissent à l'évolution des prix canadiens pour retablir le rapport d'équilibre tandis que ceux du Canada ne sont pas influencés par les désequilibres. Ce résultat est explique par les differences entre les structures des politiques agri‐coles quifont que les marches canadiens sont largement isoles des influences en provenance des États‐Unis, ce qui n'estpas le cas pour les marches américains. Ces résultats pourraient vouloir dire que des subventions canadiennes à la production et à l'exportation ont mine les programmes américains de sou‐tien des prix. Us sont également compatible avec l'idée que le Canada établit les prix sur ces marchés.
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