Aim of study: To study the effectiveness of balloon blowing exercise on cough strength (Peak cough flow & Maximal Expiratory Pressure) in patients with spinal cord injury. Relevance of the study: Spinal cord injury results in weakness of respiratory and abdominal musculature. Abdominals are required for forceful expiration, paralysis or weakness of these results in impaired cough strength. Balloon blowing exercise are expiratory muscle training exercise which offer resistance against expiration which will improve strength more effectively. To improve strength of respiratory muscles in SCI many studies have been done but there is less evidence on the use of balloon blowing exercise to improve cough strength or expiratory flow rate in SCI. Methodology: The study design was Pre-test and Post-test experimental study which consist of 40 patients with spinal cord injury were selected by convenient sampling. Balloon blowing exercise was given for 4 weeks. Outcome Measure were Peak cough flow (PCF) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (PEmax). Result and analysis: Pre-Intervention Value of Peak cough flow (PCF) was 242±33.4 L/Min and Post Intervention PCF was 319±36.7 L/Min which shows significant improvement in PCF with p-value <0.05. Pre-Intervention Value of PEmax was 41±5.8CmH2O and post Intervention Value was 48±5CmH2O which shows significant improvement in PEmax with p-value <0.05. Conclusion: This study concluded that balloon blowing exercise improves cough strength (Peak cough flow & maximal expiratory pressure) in spinal cord injury patients. Implications: Balloon blowing exercises can be added as routine physiotherapy treatment as it increases the cough strength and it helps in removing excessive secretions from the lungs. Key words: Peak Cough Flow (PCF), Maximum Expiratory Pressure (PEmax), Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Balloon Blowing Exercise (BBE)

Background: In this era of globalization one of the growing industries is the construction industry and there are various occupational problems faced by the workers especially in Asian countries mostly in India; the problems are related to both physical and mental health. All the construction sites generate high concentration of dust particles from cement, silica, asbestos, concrete, wood, stand and stand that causes respiratory problems in the workers. PEFR is the maximum air that is generated after forceful expiration, after full lung inspiration. So if there is any accumulation of dust particles the PEFR decreases as the elasticity of lungs to recoil is distrusted due to the lodged particles. Material and Method: A descriptive observation study was carried out on 50 building construction workers. The purpose of the study was explained and informed consent was taken. The PEFR was measured using peak expiratory flow meter. The data was analyzed using standard statistical software. Result: The procedure of using peak flow meter that was carried out for 3 times and the highest value from the three was considered as peak flow rate, using statistical method mean and standard deviation were calculated. The mean of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate is 321.1 L/min. Conclusion: This study concluded that the peak expiratory flow rate is reduced in building construction workers those who are working for than 2 years on the construction sites. Key words: construction workers, occupation diseases, PEFR, peak expiratory flow meter.

Background: The Six minute walk test (6MWT) is a very useful, reliable, safe and easy to a Administer assessment tool for the functional capacity of obese and non- obese individuals. Objectives: The study aimed to comparison of functional capacity among obese and non-obese young adult. Material and Methods: A descriptive type of observation study was carried out. Total 50 participants were taken. The study was conducted by dividing selected population into two groups based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. namely obese (Group A) and non –obese (Group B). These groups of 25 individuals each were divided according to their BMI based on the WHOs percentile Guidelines for adult. The participants were asked to perform six minute walk test using obese and non-obese individuals. Baseline measurement were measured with both group end of the six minute walk distance. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical method. Results: After performing six minute walk test using compared both the group A (obese) 488±20.36 meter and group B (non-obese) 608±30.8 meter,6MWD were measured and mean standard deviation were was carried using statistical analysis, then this both the group were compared using T- values 16.192 and P- values 0.0001 was seen. This test shows significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, different factors contribute to 6MWD in obese and non-obese individuals. This study concluded that obese participants decrease the six minute walk distance as compared to the non-obese participants. This show that the obese participants have got lower functional capacity when compared the non-obese group. Key words: Obesity, functional capacity, six minute walk test..

Purpose- To provide an appropriate measure of cardiovascular fitness. The YMCA 3minute step test is based on how quickly your heart rate recovers following a short bout of exercise. Hence the purpose was to provide a submaximal measure of endurance fitness between the students who are involved in sport activities and dance. Methodology- According to simple random sampling 40 participants were included in the study after screening for the inclusion criteria. Thereafter the Participants were divided into 2 groups. 20 participants included in sports group and 20 in dance group. They were explained the purpose of the study and the procedure involved in the study. Informed Consent was obtained and a YMCA 3minute step test was done. Heart rate measures were recorded in both the groups of population. Data analysis was done at the end of the study. Results – 12 students in the sports group had a good to above average fitness level, and 3 students in dancing group had a above average fitness. No student in dance had a good fitness. Further 7 students in dance had a average fitness compared to 2 students in sports who had average fitness. 6 students involved in sports had below average to very poor fitness and 10 students involved in dance had their fitness in this category. Conclusion- It was concluded from the results obtained that the students involved in sport activities had a significantly good cardiovascular fitness than students involved in dance. Keywords: cardiovascular fitness, sports, dance, YMCA 3minute step test.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by rise in the level of glucose concentration. Diabetes increases the risk of heart attack by four times in women and two times in men. An attenuated HRR immediately after exercise is considered an index to identify silent autonomic dysfunction. Individuals with low values for HRV and HRR present a higher risk of cardiovascular outcome. Methods: 50 diabetic participants with a mean age of 54.52 and SD±8.63 years. All the participants were assessed for heart rate and blood pressure before the assessment and after the 3-minute YMCA step test. Post test heart rate was assessed immediately after 1, 2 and 3 minutes. Heart rate recovery was calculated by subtracting heart rate immediately after 3 minutes of test to heart rate after 1 minute. Results: 50 diabetic women with the mean age of 38.96 and SD±9.36, the age ranged from 20 to 50. The resting heart rate mean was 98.08 and standard deviation was ±9.82. Mean and SD of heart rate immediately after 3 minutes was 142.66 and SD was ±8.05 and after 1 min was 130.86 and ±7.84 respectively. The heart rate recovery mean was 11.8 and SD was ±4.25. Conclusions: Study concluded heart rate recovery is delayed in diabetic women and it is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.