Background: Bacterial conjunctivitis is often observed in newborns as well as in other age groups. It has been associated with several organisms that differed in their relative importance and varied in their response to ophthalmic antibiotics. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial conjunctivitis of adult patients by determine the specific bacterial causes and determine the  ophthalmic antibiotic resistance patterns for the bacterial isolates from conjunctivitis patients in Sana’a city, Yemen.  Methods: Total 521 bacterial swabs obtained from adult patients with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis introducing to the ophthalmology clinics in the tertiary hospitals in Sana’a city, Yemen between September 2016 and October 2017 were investigated for bacteriological agents and antibiotic susceptibility . The clinical samples culturing, and microbiology diagnosis were done at National Center of Public Health laboratories Sana’a (NCPHL).  Result: Total 521 swab results from conjunctiva were performed, of which 206 (39.5%) were deemed positive for bacterial culture. The isolation rate by bacteria species ranged from 0.5% to 28.2%. In Staphylococcus aureus isolates, ophthalmic antibiotic resistance varied from 10.5% for polymyxin B to 66.7% for erythromycin. In Branhamella catarrahalis isolates, ophthalmic antibiotic resistance ranged from 3.4% for levofloxacin to 69% for erythromycin. In Haemophilus influenzae isolates, ophthalmic antibiotic resistance varied from 0.0% for ciprofloxacin and polymyxin B to 42.1% for erythromycin and azithromycin. Conclusion: The most common causative organisms in adult age groups were Branhamella catarrahalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Obviously, there is no single drug that treats these various types of bacteria. Therefore, bacteriological culture and sensitivity in the laboratory to ophthalmic antibiotics should be performed as much as possible. But if laboratory facilities are not available, some generalizations can be made as guidelines for treating conjunctivitis.                     Peer Review History: Received 6 January 2021; Revised 15 February; Accepted 4 March, Available online 15 March 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, gmhusain@gmail.com Dr. Mujde Eryilmaz, Ankara University,Turkey, meryilmaz@ankara.edu.tr   Similar Articles: BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF EXTERNAL OCULAR INFECTIONS IN SELECTED OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS IN SANA’A CITY

Background:  Trachoma is a contagious infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. The disease causes roughness of the inner surface of the eyelids which in turn leads to eye pain, collapse of the outer surface and scratching of the cornea, and ultimately blindness. Objectives: This study was designed to determine Trachoma prevalence and associated risk factors among primary school children in Sana’a city, Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 991 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years that were chosen from sixteen primary public schools and ten private ones, that are located in five districts in Sana’a city and represent nearly 10% of total number of schools in Sana’a. Child's eye examination was done by trained 12 students of Medicine, according to WHO grading system for trachoma. Data on risk factors and health characteristics of a child were collected using a structured questionnaire and statistical analysis was performed using Epi-Inf version 6. Results:  The gender distribution of study contributors was male 41.7 % and female was 58.3%. The results of independent associated odds ratio analysis discovered that risk factors of contracting Trachoma from the upper to the lower are: Absent of latrine in the house of child  (OR=10.6,  p<0.001), orphan of mother  (OR=4.7,  p<0.001), absent of water in the house of child (OR=3.9, p<0.001), flies in the face (OR=1.9, p=0.005) , No education of the mother (OR=1.7,  p=0.01), No education of the father (OR=1.6, p=0.04), No  face washing with  soap per day (OR=3.1, p=0.001), keeping animals in living house (OR=1.6, p=0.03), and house overcrowding (OR=2.5, p=0.002). Conclusion: Area was identifiedidentify where, at the time of the survey among 10-12 children, as defined by WHO trachoma was a public health problem. As for the loss of the child to his parents, especially the loss of the mother, it is a disaster for the child, so the treatment of causes such as war and poverty for this problem should be a priority in Yemen                    Peer Review History: Received: 15 July 2021; Revised: 9 August; Accepted: 6 September; Available online: 15 September 2021 Academic Editor:  Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, rawah67@hotmail.com Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com Similar Articles: BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF EXTERNAL OCULAR INFECTIONS IN SELECTED OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS IN SANA’A CITY  PREVALENCE OF MALOCCLUSION AMONG YEMENI CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS

Background:  Trachoma is a communicable infection of the eye by certain strains of the Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the principal cause of loss of sight globally. Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is a foundation stone of World Health Organization (WHO)’s global struggle to eradicate trachoma by 2020.  Aims: The main objectives of the campaign's third monitoring are to check improvement of interventions and improvement of quality across times and activities implemented in seven selected districts of Ibb and Al-Hodeida governorates, Yemen. Methods: A community based cross-sectional coverage survey was performed. 68 divisions were selected per selected districts of the two governorates. A disconnect Results Entry Form for each district surveyed was finished, saved and uploaded directly into the online Coverage Survey Analysis Tool to check improvement of interventions and improvement of quality across times and activities implemented. Results: The national campaign for MDA covers 966 villages in 6 districts of Ibb and Al-Hodeidah governorates by 1932 healthcare workers. A total number of beneficiaries who were monitored from 476 homes reached 3,077, of whom 2,755 (90%, coverage rate) took the dose. The availability rates of trachoma medicines were ranged from 82% to 91% . The improper arrangement of treatment sessions rate was 17%, the incorrect position of the dose pole was 6%, while the correct records of drugs scored the rate of 99%, and the proper storage of drugs rate was 70%.  The community collaboration during the treatment campaign the acceptable rate was 92%, while 3% exhibited unacceptable behaviors towards the treatment campaign. Conclusion: In this survey, the national campaign for MDA in the 966 villages reach the target threshold (i.e. 90%) for effective coverage; with proper rates for the availability of trachoma medicines, good people reactions towards taking treatment,  and  the community collaboration; while bad rates for the improper arrangement of treatment sessions , the incorrect position of the dose pole and  the preparation dosages by MDA team. Hence, programmatic enhancement should be made for the future campaign to achieve the estimated thresholds.                    Peer Review History: Received 8 March 2021; Revised 29 March; Accepted 25 April, Available online 15 May 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA,  Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Similar Articles: BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF EXTERNAL OCULAR INFECTIONS IN SELECTED OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS IN SANA’A CITY BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS OF ADULTS: CAUSES AND OPHTHALMIC ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS FOR THE COMMON BACTERIAL ISOLATES