Changes in climate drivers are projected to have a considerable impact on coastal freshwater supply and demand systems in future decades. The utilization of rainfall in coastal regions to secure sufficient freshwater to satisfy the rising demands of socioeconomic development has become a critical duty for decision-makers. This article assesses the present state of rainwater utilization in the water resources system for the coastal regions in Egypt. Volumes of annual rainfall that precipitate in 11 coastal Egyptian cities are estimated using ArcGIS maps and the run off rational equation. A future vision of using the estimated rainwater harvesting (RWH) from urban coastal cities in the water resources system is presented. Several scenarios are suggested and analyzed for using these volumes of water in the total water resources system in Egypt and also in the water resources system corresponding to each selected coastal governorate. The results indicated that over the areas under consideration, the annual maximum total amount of precipitation is limited to 1.8 km3. However, it is anticipated that 1 km3 of the average annual quantity of rainfall water is efficiently used for agriculture. These findings are intended to help managers, planners, and decision-makers to choose locations, invest in water resources, and employ RWH as a substitute for traditional water sources.

A novel two-hybrid optimization model of particle swarm optimization (FAPSO) and firefly algorithm with genetic algorithm (FAGA) are introduced to improve the performance of the conventional firefly algorithm for the least cost design of water distribution networks. The performance of the models is tested through application to three of the well-known benchmark networks available in the literature and also to the real case study of the El-Mostakbal City network, Ismailia, Egypt. The performance of the different algorithms was determined by evaluating the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of costs, the function evaluation number, the consumed computational time for 1000 evaluations and the success rate calculated using the fuzzy logic concept for different optimal solutions slightly greater than the known optimal solution (by about 1.0% and 2.0%) were utilized for testing the convergence and search capabilities of the models. It was found that the FAGA model is superior to the standard firefly and FAPSO models in exploring the search space, exploiting the promising areas and convergence to the optimal solution and can be considered as a reasonable optimization technique for the management of water distribution networks.

Water production normally increases as field gets more matured; especially for fields developed via water injection or natural aquifer support. Handling water production is always a challenge from both financial and environmental prospects. The field under study is a giant oil and gas producer in Gulf area. Before embarking on the PWRI project, the routine way to handle the field's water production (~65 Mbbls/d) was to dispose through dedicated wells drilled only for that purpose and completed as open hole in Dammam, Simsima and UER formations. On the other hand, the water injection project sourced by water supply wells drilled and completed with ESP's through the same formations.In 2010, PWRI project was commenced through replacing the aquifer water injection by produced water re-injection in one of the water injection clusters without water treatment. Since then, about 22-29 Mbbls/d of produced water are being injected through four water injection wells. After commencing the project, it was very crucial to assure that, no injectivity impairment due to produced water re-injection in addition to wells' integrity.The water injection performance was closely monitored as WHIP and injection rate and using some techniques like Hall plot to detect any injectivity impact. Pressure fall-off tests (PFO) were frequently performed to detect any formation damage associated with PWRI. Moreover, PLT was performed in one of the wells before and after switching from aquifer water to injection water. The two logs were compared and proved that, there is no change in the injection profile across the horizontal section of that well. Corrosion logs were also utilized showing that, no integrity issues related to PWRI. As of now, some 24 MMbbls of produced water were injected with no impact on wells' injectivity or integrity.

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