Available online xxx Keywords:Breast cancer Radiotherapy Propolis Radio-protectors a b s t r a c t Background: Ionizing radiation is widely used for treatment of cancer. However, one of the

Higher levels of plasma substance P and sP-selectin were observed in thalassemic patients versus the controls. Both substance P and sP-selectin were significantly higher in the splenectomized group of patients. Conclusions: Substance P and sP-selectin might have a role in platelet activation and subsequent hypercoagulability in thalassemic patients.

Aim: To investigate the influence of the polymorphic variants of CCND1 (G870A) and p73 (G4C14-to-A4T14) on the susceptibility to breast cancer development, also, to figure out their diagnostic and prognostic roles. Subjects and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from breast cancer patients and controls. Genotyping of CCND1 and p73 genes were carried out by PCR-RFLP and PCR-CTPP; respectively. Results: In comparison with the control group, CCND1 (G870A) GA and AA genotypes frequencies were significantly higher in breast cancer patients (p=0.035 and p=0.002; respectively), whereas CCND1 (G870A) GG genotype frequency was significantly lower (p< 0.001). The CCND1 GA and AA genotypes significantly increased the risk for developing breast cancer compared with the GG genotype. The CCND1 (GA+AA) genotypes were significantly correlated with disease-free survival (DFS) of breast cancer patients. In comparison with the control group, p73 (G4C14/A4T14) GC/AT and AT/AT genotypes frequencies were significantly higher in breast cancer patients (p=0.013 and p=0.04; respectively), whereas p73 (G4C14/A4T14) GC/GC genotype frequency was significantly lower (p= 0.004). Compared with the GC/GC genotype, the p73 GC/AT and AT/AT genotypes significantly increased the risk for developing breast cancer. Beside being significantly correlated with DFS, p73 [(GC/AT)+ (AT/AT)] genotypes were indirectly correlated with tumor size, tumor pathological grade, patient's clinical stage, number of axillary lymph node involvement and Her2/neu expression. Conclusion: The GA and AA genotypes of CCND1 (G870A) polymorphism and the GC/AT and AT/AT genotypes of p73 (G4C14-to-A4T14) polymorphism can be used as diagnostic markers in breast cancer patients. The presence of the CCND1 (G870A) GA and AA genotypes and the GC/AT and AT/AT genotypes of p73 (G4C14-to-A4T14) polymorphism can increase the susceptibility to breast cancer incidence. Both of CCND1 (G870A) and p73 (G4C14-to-A4T14) polymorphisms can be used for prognosis of breast cancer patients.

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Epigenetic alterations have emerged as fundamental players in development and progression of breast cancer (BC). A hypoxic tumour microenvironment regulates the stemness phenotype in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). The aim of this study was to investigate Znhit1 and HIF-2α gene expression in breast cancer tissues as well as their relation to CSCs markers LGR5, ALDH1A1 and β-catenin in tissue and serum of BC patients. The present study included 160 females divided into two groups, group I: 80 healthy females served as control group and group II: 80 breast cancer patients. Gene expression of tissue Znhit1 and HIF-2α was determined by qRT-PCR. Tissue and serum ALDH1A1, LGR5 and β-catenin levels were determined by ELISA. We found that gene expression of Znhit1 was significantly downregulated in BC tissues. Moreover, it was significantly negatively correlated with clinical stage and β-catenin levels in BC patients. Regarding HIF-2α, gene expression of HIF-2α was significantly upregulated in BC tissues. Moreover, it was significantly positively correlated with Her-2/neu expression and β-catenin levels in BC patients. Based upon our results, Znhit1 and HIF-2α may serve as novel therapeutic targets for BC therapy. Additionally, each of serum ALDH1A1, LGR5 and β-catenin may play a crucial role in non-invasive detection of BC with a high specificity and sensitivity.