Background: Liver cirrhosis is characterized by poor life expectancy and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. It carries the risk of life-threatening complications, partly due to a number of co-morbidities. Purpose: to examine effect of a designed nursing intervention on knowledge and fatigue among patients with liver cirrhosis. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was carried out .It conducted in outpatient clinic in Hepatology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt. A purposive sample of 80 patients with liver cirrhosis was included. Three instruments was used, a structured interviewing questionnaire that include sociodemographic data and medical data, Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire and Fatigue impact scale (FIS). Results: There was a significant statistical improvement in knowledge score at post intervention compared to pre intervention. A highly significant improvement appeared in the fatigue categories after nursing intervention. Conclusion: Implementing of a designed nursing intervention has a significant role in improving knowledge and reducing fatigue among studied patients with liver cirrhosis. Recommendations: Providing continuous self-care education programs for liver cirrhotic patients in hepatology units to overcome symptoms and complications of the disease.

Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a worldwide public health issue. Purpose: This study was conducted to assess knowledge of university students' about corona virus-19 pandemic and its precaution measures. Design: A descriptive research design was used to achieve the purpose of study. Setting: This study was conducted at Faculty of Commerce and Faculty of Law in Shebin Elkom city, Menoufia University. Sample:A convenience sample of 280 university students, aged between 18-22, from nonmedical faculties were gathered via an online Google Form. Instruments: Self-administered structured questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, and knowledge of undergraduate students' about COVID-19 pandemic. Results: More than three fourths of university students (82.2%) had poor knowledge about COVID 19, 16.4% had fair knowledge and 1.4% good knowledge. Moreover, majority of studied students were not knowledgeable about each item of protective measures against COVID-19 such as washing hands with soap and water (61.8%), covering the mouth and nose with elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing (66.1%), wearing a mask in crowded places (67.1%), and maintaining a distance of at least one meter between you and any person (66.3%).Conclusion: majority of students in the study had lack of knowledge about COVID -19 pandemic and its preventive measures.Recommendations: Enhancement students' awareness about COVID-19 and its protective measures are required.

Background: Liver cirrhosis is characterized by poor life expectancy and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. It carries the risk of life-threatening complications, partly due to a number of co-morbidities. Purpose: to examine effect of a designed nursing intervention on health profile and symptoms among studied patients with liver cirrhosis. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was carried out .It conducted in outpatient clinic in Hepatology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt. A purposive sample of 80 patients with liver cirrhosis was included. Three instruments were used, a structured interviewing questionnaire including sociodemographic data and medical data, Duke Health Profile Index and Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire. Results: There was a highly significant improvement in most of the different health score scales post intervention. After nursing intervention a significant improvement in the different symptoms of liver cirrhosis than that of the pre intervention was revealed. Conclusion: implementing of nursing intervention has a significant role in improving health profile and symptoms among studied patients with liver cirrhosis. Recommendations: Increase awareness to the public through T.V and mass media about definition, causes and symptoms of liver cirrhosis and encourage people to modifying their behaviors for acquiring healthy life styles.

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Positive reinforcement occurs when a reward, sometimes called a reinforce, is given for a specific desired behavior. It can be a tangible object, an activity, something sensory, or social. Pain is a subjective experience, and no objective tests exist to measure it. Vein puncture is one of the most painful medical procedures for a child, and it is one of the most frequently performed procedures. The study aimed to evaluate the contribution of positive reinforcement in reducing children's pain responses during vein puncture. Quasi experimental design was conducted for this study. It was conducted in the medical unit of El-Menuofyia and Tanta university hospitals. Eighty children's accompanied by a female care givers, were selected according to specific criteria. After collecting demographic data, the type of reinforcer was chosen after observation and interview. It was individualized according to children preference and motivation. It was consistently delivered after a desired behavior. Reinforcer was administered immediately after a desired behavior, and after simple explanation for to the child. Data collection regarding pain was started after 4 consecutive use of positive reinforcement of a desired behavior in other procedures. Reinforcer was used to observe children' pain during vein puncture and to evaluate the effect of positive reinforcement on children FLACC , Wong-Baker faces, heart rate and oxygen saturation. The caregivers "mothers" were involved in all steps of data collection. The result of the study showed that High statistical significant differences were found regarding FLACC Scale-Pain Assessment Tool-"Observer Rated Pain Scale and Wong Baker Scale before and after reinforcement. In relation to pulse and oxygen saturation there was statistical significant difference during vein puncture. According to the current study, it is recommended to replicate the study with a larger sample size in children undergoing other painful procedure. and developing an educational program for nursing staff to increase the skills of positive reinforcement of well or healthy behaviors of children..