An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different postharvest treatments on maintaining quality and shelf life of sweet orange from Feb-Apr 2019 under completely randomized (CRD) with four replications and five treatments (T1= Aloe vera gel @100%, T2= Paraffin wax @100%, T3= Corn Starch @4%, T4=Tragacanth Gum @4%, T1=Control i.e. untreated fruits) at ambient room condition (15.15±0.33ºC, 58.16±1.69% RH). The parameters recorded were Physiological loss in weight (PLW), total soluble solid(TSS), titratable acidity(TA), Shrinkage, Juice content, Marketability, Disease Incidence and Shelf life in every 5 days' interval till 40 th day. Minimum percentage of PLW was observed in the fruits treated with paraffin wax (5.83% in 40 th day) which was statistically at par with the findings of all other coated fruits. Corn starch showed minimum shrinkage (4.27%) which was statistically at par with Paraffin wax (100%) and tragacanth gum (4%). Wax treated fruits recorded the maximum juice recovery percentage (31.43%) whereas the minimum juice recovery percentage (27.81%) was observed in control fruits. The control fruits (untreated) showed the maximum TSS (15.03º brix) which was statistically at par with Aloe Vera and Corn starch. Higher acidity was found in the fruits treated with Aloe Vera (100%) (0.917) which was statistically par with corn starch (4%) and tragacanth gum (4%). The marketability value of tragacanth gum treated fruits was reported to be maximum (4.445). Minimum disease index (2.25) was observed in the fruits treated with tragacanth gum which was statistically at par with Aloe vera gel and corn starch treated fruits whereas postharvest life was found maximum (69 Days) in fruits treated with Aloe vera (100%) while it was only 46 in control fruits.

Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) is one of the serious pests of cowpea. Bioefficacy of four insecticides with different concentrations namely Jholmol (125 ml/L), Neemix (2 ml/L), Cannabis extract (100 g/L), Chlorpyrifos 50% EC and Cypermethrin 5% EC (2 ml/L) along with control were evaluated against aphid at Research Station of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal in 2018. Five treatments; four different insecticides and control were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results indicated that all the insecticides were significant for aphid reduction. The effects were higher in Neemix followed by Jholmol and cannabis extract. The yield of cowpea was significantly highest (11.10 t/ha) with Neemix application, while lowest in control (7.58 t/ha). The highest net profit (NRs.61670) was obtained in Neemix followed by treatments of Jholmol (NRs.46175) and Cannabis extract (NRs.35815). The lowest incremental Cost/Benefit ratio was obtained in Neemix (1.341) and followed by treatments of, jholmol (1/1.12) and Cannabis extract (1/0.85), respectively. Thus, application of Neemix @ 2 ml/L could be used in cowpea to control aphid with high yield.

Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) is one of the serious pests of cowpea. Bio efficacy of four insecticides with different concentrations namely Jholmol (125 ml/L), Neemix (2 ml/L), Cannabis extract (100 g/L), Chloropyrifos 50% EC and Cypermethrin 5% EC (2 ml/L) along with control were evaluated against aphid at Research Station of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal in 2018. Five treatments; four different insecticides and control were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. The results indicated that all the insecticides were significant for aphid reduction. The effects were higher in Neemix followed by Jholmol and cannabis extract. Yield of cowpea was significantly highest (11.10 t/ha) with Neemix application, while lowest in control (7.58 t/ha). The highest net profit (NRs.61670) was obtained in Neemix followed by treatments of Jholmol (NRs.46175) and Cannabis extract (NRs.35815). The lowest incremental Cost/Benefit ratio or ICBR was obtained in Neemix (1.341) and followed by treatments of, jholmol (1/1.12) and Cannabis extract (1/0.85), respectively. Thus, application of Neemix @ 2 ml/L could be used in cowpea to control aphid with high yield.