BUMDes was established to move and accelerate rural economy. It aims to put together all the rural resources under the management of villagers itself in order toAbstrak: BUMDes dibangun dengan tujuan untuk menggerakan dan mengakselerasi perekenomian desa. Harapannya segala sumber daya yang dimiliki desa bisa dikelola oleh warga desa sendiri untuk meningkatkan pendapatan asli desa, sehingga desa bisa mandiri. Namun BUMDes yang dirancang sebagai ujung tombak ekonomi desa banyak yang mati sebelum berkembang karena minimnya partisipasi warga. BUMDes perlu belajar dari gagalnya praktik institusi-institusi ekonomi desa sebelumnya. Arsitektur kebijakan yang berpola top-down terbukti tidak mampu meningkatkan ekonomi desa. Justru malah menjadi medan kapitalisasi elite desa atas sumber daya yang dimilki desa. Untuk menuju kemandirian, perlu syarat material berupa partisipasi yang ditopang oleh kepemilikan. Warga desa memiliki hak untuk menjadi pemilik atas sumber daya desanya. Oleh karenanya membangun BUMDes perlu mempertimbangkan kepemilikan yang diperluas. Maka tujuan tersebut bisa dilembagakan dengan langkah membangun BUMDes secara inklusif. Mengadaptasi model koperasi, warga desa bisa menjadi member/pemilik dari BUMDes.

In this work, a novel way is proposed to produce an eco‐friendly and formaldehyde‐free particleboard (PB) panel from agro‐industrial residues bonded with natural rubber latex (NRL)‐based adhesive. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) was added as an adhesion promoter and polymeric 4,4‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) was used as cross‐linker. Different formulations of agro‐industrial residues (cassava stem, sengon wood waste, and rice husk) and different contents of NRL‐adhesive (10%, 15%, and 20%) were applied to prepare the PB panel. Several techniques were performed to characterize the properties of NRL‐based adhesive and to evaluate the performance of PB panels from agro‐industrial residues bonded with NRL‐based adhesive. The blending of NRL and PVOH resulted in weak hydrogen bonds in the polymer blends. Incorporation of pMDI provided NCO groups as the reactive site for cross‐linking with NRL‐PVOH via urethane linkages. The results showed that no remarkable differences in the physical properties of the PB panel, such as density, moisture content, water absorption, and thickness swelling, with different agro‐industrial residues formulations and NRL‐adhesive content. By contrast, greater NRL‐adhesive content affected the mechanical properties of the PB panel. The best mechanical properties of the PB panel were obtained using a formulation of 40% of cassava stem, 30% of sengon wood waste, 30% of rice husk, and bonded with 20% of NRL‐adhesive content, which resulted in 4.02 MPa of modulus of rupture (MOR), 441.00 MPa of modulus of elasticity (MOE), and 0.19 MPa of internal bonding (IB) strength. A combination of agro‐industrial residues particles and NRL‐based adhesive presented a high potential for application as an eco‐friendly, formaldehyde‐free, and non‐structural PB such as interior applications.

The global commitment to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) establishes access to safe drinking water and healthy sanitation for all residents. This study analyzes the financing and economic benefits of drinking water and sanitation service interventions using the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach. The study used secondary data from the Health Office, the Bandar Lampung City Manpower Office, and the publication of research results. Intervention costs include the fixed and annual operating costs of the intervention. Benefits are calculated from the savings in health recovery costs, avoiding lost time from work, school, and waiting for sick children, and the acquisition of productive time. The study results get a total investment cost of $ 2.113.190 and a total benefit of $ 44.727.436. Efforts to improve water and sanitation services are effective and efficient (0,057% of GDP) and profitable ($ 22,20 return for every $ 1 investment). These results provide strong evidence for planners and decision-makers that improving water and sanitation services provides value for returns, both social and economic, and prove the possibility of accelerating the achievement of SDGs commitments.

Indonesia has the largest rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation area in the world. Rubberwood is mainly planted for latex production and as latex production declines with age, rubberwood is generally felled. The logging waste and industrial waste of rubberwood-based products could be utilized as raw materials to produce biomass pellets. The quality of biomass pellets can be increased through torrefaction, a thermal process in the temperature range of 200-300°C under an inert atmosphere. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of torrefaction on the characteristics of rubberwood pellets. The torrefaction of rubberwood pellets was conducted using the Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) reactor, a reactor that could perform torrefaction within a short residence time of up to 5 min. The temperature used in this study was 200°C, 250°C, dan 300°C with a residence time of 3 min. The color change, physical properties, chemical composition, and heating value were evaluated. The results showed that the pellet’s color changed from light brown into black pellets, showing the overall color change (∆E*) of 29,12, 54,27, and 66,71, after torrefaction at 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C, respectively. The equilibrium moisture content of the pellets decreased from 12,25% to 3,54%. The water immersion test also showed that the torrefied pellets have a better hydrophobicity, which is an advantage when pellets are stored in a humid condition. The oven-dry density of pellet decreased from 1,15 g/cm3 to 1,09 g/cm3, 1,04 g/cm3, and 0,96 g/cm3, after torrefaction at temperatures of 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C, respectively. Torrefaction caused a decrease of cellulose and hemicellulose contents, an increase of lignin content, and a remarkable increase in the heating value of 1,71-18,32% with increasing torrefaction temperature. The results proposed that torrefaction using the COMB reactor could provide a great improvement in the quality of rubberwood pellets to improve the additional value of the products.Keywords: black pellet, Counter-Flow Multi Baffle, rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), torrefaction