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h i g h l i g h t sProbed how shockwaves may affect the sequestered CO 2 in bituminous coal. Fabricated a system to apply shockwaves to cores while monitoring emitted gases. Shockwaves did not induce gas emission from non-pressurized coal cores. Massive amounts of CO 2 emitted from coal cores under compressive shock. Shocks ejected almost all the CO 2 from pressurized coal in less than 1 h. a b s t r a c tThe mitigation of potential global warming due to the emission of greenhouse gases, especially CO 2 , would require large-scale geological sequestration. Though current emphasis has been on identifying and characterizing the potential geological sequestration reservoirs, there is also an urgent need to ensure that the sequestered CO 2 will remain in place under reasonable perturbations, e.g., under seismic activity. One of the potential geological reservoirs identified is unmineable coal seams due to the advantage of recovering fuel gas like CH 4 while sequestering CO 2 . Therefore, a closed experimental setup was constructed where Illinois bituminous coal cores could be subjected to compressive shockwaves while simultaneously monitoring the emission of gases from CO 2 pressurized coal cores. The results from the pressurized coal cores were compared with the behavior manifested by un-pressurized coal cores as well as porous pumice stone cores, which were also subjected to shockwaves. As expected, the un-pressurized cores showed no significant emission of CO 2 when subjected to shock; however, this was not the case for the cores which were pressurized with CO 2 . The results indicate that massive amounts of CO 2 would be emitted if the cores were exposed to atmospheric pressure simulating a situation where caprock has been compromised during primary seismic activity. Irrespective of the belief that coal interacts strongly with CO 2 , both chemically and physically, compressive (0.374 MPa) shockwaves forced almost all the CO 2 to be ejected from the coal cores. Surprisingly, most, if not all, the sequestered CO 2 would be emitted in less than 1 h if the cores were subjected to reasonably moderate shocks. In actual seismic activity conditions, one expects conditions to be even more severe than in the experimental setup used in this study because of the presence of compressive and transverse stresses and shears. If such is the case, CO 2 may be emitted even faster. It is reasonable to argue that Illinois bituminous coals may not be suitable hosts for sequestering CO 2 because the region is prone to seismic activity.

Many automotive transmissions, including automatic and hybrid transmissions, employ electro-hydraulics for gear shift, system cooling, and lubrication. Transmission oil budget refers to the process of dynamically distributing pressurized fluid from the pump into the sub-systems of the transmission. The oil budget will ultimately determine the transmission pump size and directly impact vehicle fuel economy. It will further affect the dynamic performance of the transmission. Due to large number of components, complex hydraulic circuits, and dynamic operating conditions, estimating transmission oil budget is extremely complex. To obtain a precise oil budget, we need to not only model each hydraulic component accurately, but also analyze the flow requirement in a dynamic fashion. This paper presents the modeling of the transmission hydraulic system and its application for oil budget analysis.