Background Hypofibrinolysis resulting from the up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) usually occurs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), rendering them hypercoagulable. This study assessed the plasma antigen and activity levels of the PAI-1 enzyme in T2DM patients in a district hospital in Ghana. Methods This was a hospital-based case-control study conducted from December 2018 to May 2019 at Nkenkaasu District Hospital. Sixty subjects with T2DM (30 T2DM subjects with good glycemic control and 30 with poor glycemic control), and 30 apparently healthy blood donors were recruited into the study. Blood specimens were collected for complete blood count, lipid profile, PAI-1 Ag and PAI-1 activity levels. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to obtain demographic and clinical information. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results Elevated PAI-1 Ag and activity levels were observed in the T2DM subjects compared to the healthy controls, with the levels and activity significantly higher (PAI-1 Ag; p< 0.001, PAI-1 activity level; p = 0.004) in the T2DM subjects with poor glycemic control in comparison to those with good glycemic control. A significant positive correlation was observed between HbA1c and PAI-1 enzymes. PAI-1 Ag levels significantly increased along with increased total cholesterol (Β = 0.262, p = 0.033), triglyceride (Β = -0.273, p = 0.034) and HbA1c (Β = 0.419, p = 0.001). Similarly, PAI-1 activity level was associated with total cholesterol (Β = 0.325, p = 0.009), triglyceride (Β = -0.262, p = 0.042), HbA1c (Β = 0.389, p = 0.003) and VLDL-c (Β = -0.227, p = 0.029). Conclusion PAI-1 antigen/activity is enhanced in poorly controlled Ghanaian T2DM subjects. The hypercoagulable state of the affected individuals put them at higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Good glycemic control to regulate plasma PAI-1 levels is essential during T2DM lifelong management. Markers of fibrinolysis should be assessed in these individuals and appropriate anticoagulants given to prevent thrombosis and adverse cardiovascular diseases.

BackgroundHepatitis B and C cause chronic infections which develop into liver-related sequelae, like cirrhosis and liver carcinoma. This study determined the prevalence, trends, and risk factors of HBV and HCV among family replacement blood donors. MethodsA retrospective review of primary data on blood donors screened between January 2015 and December 2021 was conducted at the Sunyani Municipal Hospital. The data were assessed for seroprevalence, trends, and odds ratios using SPSS. ResultsOf 6847 donors, the majority were males (88.1% [6033]), ≤ 24 years (27.4% [1874]), of the O blood type (69.8% [4776]), and Rh-positive (89.9% [6154]). Seroprevalences of HBV and HCV were 3.2% and 1.9%, respectively, with more males infected with both HBV and HCV (3.4% vs 2.0%). Male donors were 2.842 times (CI: 1.500-5.385, p = 0.001) and 2.399 times (CI: 1.116-5.157, p = 0.025) more susceptible than females to HBV and HCV, respectively. In the rainy season, donors were 1.489 times (CI: 1.017-2.180, p = 0.041) more susceptible to HCV. HBV and HCV showed declining trends over the period (slope: -0.5464, p ≤ 0.001 vs slope: -0.6179, p ≤ 0.001). ConclusionGender was signi cantly associated with both HBV and HCV, while season was signi cantly associated with HCV. The male gender and rainy season were signi cant determinants of both infections. The seroprevalence of HBV was higher than HCV despite the signi cant decline in both HBV and HCV seroprevalences. We, recommend health authorities intensify health education among males and during the rainy season. Also, local variations in the seroprevalence of these infections call for upgrade and standardisation in serological testing for blood donors across Ghanaian blood centres.

The second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is the putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure. The 2D:4D ratio or the right–left difference (Dr‐l) are said to be negative and positive correlates, respectively, of circulating testosterone and estrogen in both adult males and females. However, previous studies on the subject have reported mixed results. This study aimed to determine the sex‐moderated relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and adult circulating testosterone, estradiol, testosterone‐to‐estradiol ratio and the free androgen index. This was a cross‐sectional study from January to June 2021 at the University for Development Studies, Ghana. The study involved 62 participants (Female = 28; Male = 34), aged between 20 and 26 years. The right (2D:4DR), the left (2D:4DL), and their difference (Dr‐l) were measured by computer‐assisted analysis. Fasting venous samples were assayed for total testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) using ELISA. The free androgen index (FAI) was then calculated (T/SHBG) and the data were analyzed using moderated and/or weighted regression. Males had significantly higher T and FAI than females while females had significantly higher E2 than males, which were independent of age and body mass index (p < 0.001). There was a significant SEX*Dr‐l interaction on FAI (p = 0.007). The Dr‐l correlated negatively with FAI in males but positively in females and accounted for about 94.0% of the variability of FAI in males (adjR2 = 0.940) and only 0.2% in females (adjR2 = 0.002). The 2D:4D ratio, a putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure, may have an impact on sex differences in adult free androgen index.

This descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and the 376A ⟶ G, 202G ⟶ A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among HIV patients attending care at a teaching hospital in Ghana and determine how the SNPs affect haematological profile in HIV. A total of 200 HIV-positive Ghanaians were recruited. Venous blood samples were obtained and complete blood count, and G6PD screening and genotyping for the 376A ⟶ G, 202G ⟶ A SNPs were performed. Out of the 200 participants, 13.0% (26/200) were G6PD-deficient based on the methemoglobin reductase technique, with 1.5% (3/200) and 11.5% (23/200) presenting with partial and full enzyme defect, respectively. Among the 13.0% participants with G6PD deficiency, 19.2% (5/26), 30.8% (8/26), and 19.2% (5/26) presented with 376A ⟶ G only (enzyme activity (EA): 1.19 U/g Hb), 202G ⟶A only (EA: 1.41 U/g Hb), and G202/A376 SNPs (EA: 1.14 U/g Hb), respectively. Having the 376A ⟶ G mutation was associated not only with lower red blood cell (RBC) count (3.38 × 106/µL (3.16–3.46) vs 3.95 × 106/µL (3.53–4.41), p = 0.010) but also with higher mean cell volume (MCV) (102.90 (99.40–113.0) vs 91.10 fL (84.65–98.98), p = 0.041) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) (33.70 pg (32.70–38.50) vs 30.75 pg (28.50–33.35), p = 0.038), whereas possessing the 202G ⟶ A mutation was associated with higher MCV only (98.90 fL (90.95–102.35) vs 91.10 fL (84.65–98.98), p = 0.041) compared to G6PD nondeficient participants. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency among HIV patients in Kumasi, Ghana, is 13.0% prevalence, comprising 1.5% and 11.5% partial and full enzyme defect, respectively, based on the methemoglobin reductase technique among HIV patients in Ghana. Among G6PD-deficient HIV patients, the prevalence of G202/A376 SNPs is 19.2%. The 376A ⟶ G mutation is associated not only with lower RBC count but also with higher MCV and MCH, whereas the 202G ⟶ A mutation is associated with higher MCV compared to the normal G6PD population.

Diabetes mellitus, an endocrine disorder, has been implicated in many including hypogonadism in men. Given the fact that diabetes mellitus is becoming a fast-growing epidemic and the morbidity associated with it is more disabling than the disease itself. This study sought to assess the prevalence of low testosterone levels and predictors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and non-diabetic men in a district hospital in Ghana. This hospital-based case-control study comprised 150 type 2 diabetics and 150 healthy men. A pre-structured questionnaire and patient case notes were used to document relevant demographic and clinical information. Venous blood sample of about 6 ml was taken to measure FBS, HbA1c, FSH, LH, and testosterone levels. All data were analyzed using STATA version 12 (STATA Corporation, Texas, USA). The overall hypogonadism in the study population was 48% (144/300). The prevalence of hypogonadism in type 2 diabetic subjects was almost three times more than in healthy men (70.7% vs 25.3%). The odds of having hypogonadism was lower in the men with normal weight and overweight with their underweight counterparts (AOR = 0.33, 95% CI; 0.12–0.96, p = 0.042) and (AOR = 0.29, 95% CI; 0.10–0.84, p = 0.023) respectively. Also, the odds of suffering from hypogonadism was lower in non-smokers compared with smokers (AOR: 0.16, 95% CI; 0.05–0.58, p = 0.005). Participants who were engaged in light (AOR: 0.29, 95% CI; 0.14–0.61, p = 0.001), moderate (AOR: 0.26, 95% CI; 0.13–0.54, p<0.001) and heavy (AOR: 0.25, 95% CI; 0.10–0.67, p = 0.006) leisure time activities had lower odds hypogonadal compared to those engaged in sedentary living. Type 2 diabetic men have high incidence of hypogonadism, irrespective of their baseline clinical, lifestyle or demographic characteristics. Smoking and sedentary lifestyle and BMI were associated with hypogonadism in the study population. Routine testosterone assessment and replacement therapy for high risk patients is recommended to prevent the detrimental effect of hypogonadism in diabetic men.