Flakes are one of the most popular ready-to-eat breakfast cereals meals. Most traditional instant breakfast meals are from mono-cereals. This work aims to develop, characterize and optimize value-added instant cereal breakfast flakes using flours of rice, sorghum, and soybean. A three-component constrained optimal (custom) mixture experimental design was employed for the formulation. The formulation design constraints were: rice flour (30%–35%), sorghum flour (20%–25%), and soybean flour (5%–10%). Other ingredients were water (19%), sugar (8%), malt (2%), egg (3%), sweet potato (3%), ginger (2%) and moringa seed powder (3%). The formulated samples were analysed and evaluated based on standard procedures for quality characteristics. Numerical optimization gave the optimal product’s overall desirability index of 0.519 obtained from 31.9 % rice flour, 22% sorghum flour, and 6.05% soybean flour; with quality properties as follows: 3.67% moisture content, 3.18% fat content, 3.08% ash content, 1.44% crude fibre, 30.0% crude protein, 58.6% nitrogen-free extract, 384 kcal energy value, and 7.28 overall acceptability. The result of the study showed that the nutritional qualities of cereal flakes can be improved through food-to-food composite formulations, employing numerical optimization technique.
Abstract. Indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluent particularly pharmaceutical effluent on agricultural soils poses serious health risk to plants, animals and ultimately humans. This study was carried out to predict the mobility of two of the most lethal soil pollutants (Cadmium and Lead). As such, the concentrations of Cadmium and Lead in soil at the initial point of effluent disposal and at subsequent points 4m, 8m, 12m, 16m and 20m away from the point source were determined. A simplified version of transport equation was used to simulate the mobility of Cadmium and Lead in the soil using polymath professional version 6.1. The simulated result showed a good level of agreement with the experimental data with correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.96 for Pb and 0.89 and 0.97 for Cd mobility respectively. Thus the model can be considered as a good representation of the phenomenon of mobility of heavy metals in the soil.
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