Self-monitoring of menstrual blood loss volume could lead to early detection of multiple gynecological diseases. In this paper, we describe the development of a textile-based blood volume sensor which can be integrated into the sanitary napkin to quantify the menstrual blood loss during menstruation. It is based on sensing the resistance change detected as the output voltage change, with the added volume of fluid. Benchtop characterization tests with 5 mL of fluid determined the effect of spacing, orientation and weight, and location of fluid drop on the sensor. The sensor has been evaluated by intravenous blood samples collected from 18 participants and menstrual blood samples collected from 10 participants for four months. The collected intravenous blood samples and menstrual blood samples were used to create two regression model that can predict the blood volume and menstrual blood volume from the voltage input with Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 11-15% and 15-30% respectively.

Intelligent reflective surface (IRS), a software-controlled metasurface, is now a proven and promising candidate technology to achieve superior and reliable data transmission for the next-generation mobile communication systems. This letter investigates the performance of an IRS-assisted orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless system in the presence of a non-ideal oscillator and amplifier. The analytical framework comprises of deriving the closed-form expressions for the outage probability, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and diversity order. The result shows that the phase noise and distortion significantly limit the performance gain of an IRS-assisted OFDM wireless communication system.

The fast development and usage of small digital computers and processors in the design, analysis and implementation of suitable control strategies has led towards proposing the reduced order modeling of large order physical systems. As most of the models are too complex to be analyzed in its original form, various techniques have been developed in the past to reduce the order of a complex system. The structure of existing power systems is very complex in nature and therefore their resulting mathematical models are of large orders. The analysis of such systems becomes a tedious and difficult job. In this article, a model order reduction technique based on Routh approximation criteria is used to model AGC model of a single area. An AGC model of single area is reduced to third order. The system dynamic response plots for both original and reduced order models are obtained for step input and they are compared. The investigations of these results carried out in the study demonstrate that the complexity of the system is reduced to a great extent. However, the dynamic behavior of all the system states for same step disturbance is within acceptable limit.