In order to provide an enhanced communication network, the worldwide infrastructure for mobile phones and telecommunication was developed in 1982 in Europe. In the modern-day scenario, Asia has the fastest growing number of mobile phone subscribers in the world. Around 75% of the world's adults have the access to mobile phones.Mobile phones may act as fomites and may facilitate the transmission of microorganisms from one patient to another in the hospital during their treatments. These mobile phones are now described as technical Petri dishes where they could play a role in health-related infections as they spread through the hands of healthcare staff. Aim : To determine the microbial contamination from mobile phones of healthcare workers (HCWs). Objectives : To study the microbial contamination of mobile phones used by healthcare workers, Identify the isolated organism. Materials and Methods: All specimens were processed for gram staining, Culture was done for those samples which were showing gram positive or gram-negative organisms on gram stain on different culture plates (Nutrient agar, Blood agar, MacConkey agar). Plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 0 C, after 24 hours of incubation the culture plates were examined for growth. Result : We had swabbed the 134 mobile phones of health care workers, working in critical areas out of 134 mobile phones, 132 showed the growth of the bacterial pathogen in a significant amount and 2 were negative, so the overall contamination of the mobile phones was found to be 98.50% and no growth was found to be 1.49%. Conclusion :The most predominant bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in our study. It may be due to MRSA residue in the nose, when it comes to our hand then individuals get exposed to cross infection. The dominance of clinical phones that could be contaminated by different microorganisms inside the ICUs and OTs has become unacceptable. there are no rules and regulation for staff to carry their phone in sterile area like OTs, ICUs. Study showed there is no cleaning guidelines for the mobile of health care workers.

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Introduction: Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) vaccines were developed, there was an intense search for preventive measures and effective treatments of COVID-19, which has led to a recommendation of influenza vaccination as a preventive measure against COVID-19. As of August 2022, there are still many countries where percentage of at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination is ≤20%. In such a scenario it becomes pertinent for a continuous search of other preventive measures such as significance of flu vaccination against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Aim: To explore any relation between the flu vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case control study was undertaken through questionnaire-based survey with 200 cases who had taken flu vaccination within one year of COVID-19 testing and 800 as controls. All candidates were consecutively enrolled in this study and informed consent was obtained. Results: Most common age group among vaccinated candidates was 31-40 years. Among 200 individuals of cases group, 3 (1.5%) were positive for COVID-19 and 197 (98.5%) were negative. Among 3 positive individuals in cases only one required hospitalisation. Among 800 control group, 38 (4.7%) were positive and 762 (95.2%) were negative for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rate of positivity was 2.3% less among vaccinated group in comparison to non vaccinated group. Conclusion: In this study it was observed that individuals who had received the flu vaccine there was a significant reduction in odds of testing positive for COVID-19 compared to those who did not received the vaccine.

Pyrexia of Unknown Origin) is referred to when temperature is observed above 38.3 0 C (101 0 F) on many occasions over a period of > 3 weeks and unable to diagnose despite 1week of thorough investigations. Different studies reported diagnosis of malaria in 5 to 50% cases; leptospirosis in 3 to 10% cases and influenza in 8 to 12% cases Dengue fever and malaria are arthropod born diseases and endemic in many parts of India during the monsoon season. Leptospirosis and scrub typhus are zoonotic infections and are widely prevalent in areas with heavy monsoon and agrarian way of life. Aim : To evaluate the study of various Rickettsia infections in patients suffering from Fever Of Unknown Origin. Objectives: To understand the occurrence of infections caused by rickettsial species in suspected cases of FUO. To increase awareness and clinical suspicion among doctors for these infections. Materials and Methods: The assay was performed using P.vulgaris OX19, OX2, OXK strains according to manufacture's instructions by tube method. Serum will be diluted from 1/20 to 1/640 titer. A single Weil Felix titer of >1:160 or fourfold rise in titers on repeat testing starting from 1:40 will be accepted as a positive result. Result: A total 100 cases were including in my study in which 28 cases were positive. Out of 28 positive rickettsial samples, females were 17 and males were 11. Spotted Fever(9), Endemic Fever(8), Epidemic Fever(7), Scrub Typhus Fever(4). Conclusion:With the growing number of cases detected in India, scrub typhus is fast emerging as a public health threat and also due to limited diagnostics leading to underreporting, Weil Felix test could be used in adjunct with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and blood parameters in the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases.

Anti-tubercular therapy is one of the effective strategies used to control tuberculosis, so, a planned and accurate treatment regimen is of utmost importance, but number of cases are being treated as MDR on the basis of rifampicin mono resistance. As reported earlier in various studies from India, prevalence rate of Multi Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) vary from region to region. Therefore, we set out to determine rate of MDR-TB, Isoniazid and Rifampicin Mono resistance and common mutation pattern associated with them from our area using GenoType MTBDR plus assay in order to provide better patient care and reduce rate of MDR-TB. This was a Cross-sectional study comprising of 1100 sputum samples collected from DOTS Centre and processed by ZN staining and LPA. Out of 1100 sputum samples, 203 were smear positive. In 203, 193 were detected as positive for MTBC. Rate of MDR was found 12.8% and rifampicin and isoniazid mono-resistance was 6.4% and 8.3% respectively. Commonest mutation pattern seen was S531L in rifampicin and S315T1 in isoniazid. Association between treatment history and resistance pattern was found to be statistically significant. We found there is a high rate of INH mono resistance which was not being detected till now from this area and we also found, there is unrelated risk of isoniazid and rifampicin mono-resistance so, inference of MDR based on RIF mono-resistance is also an inaccurate strategy to manage patients and drug sensitivity should be performed for both first line drug before stating MDR.