No abstract

The findings of the study suggest that epicarp is a better source of antioxidants than the mesocarp, and the ethyl acetate fractions of both the parts contain higher contents of antioxidants.

Tinnitus is defined as the ringing, hissing, clicking or roaring sounds an individual consciously perceives in the absence of an external auditory stimulus. Currently, the literature on the mechanism of tinnitus pathology is multifaceted, ranging from tinnitus generation at the cellular level to its perception at the system level. Cellular level mechanisms include increased neuronal synchrony, neurotransmission changes and maladaptive plasticity. At the system level, the role of auditory structures, non-auditory structures, changes in the functional connectivities in higher regions and tinnitus networks have been investigated. The exploration of all these mechanisms creates a holistic view on understanding the changes the pathophysiology of tinnitus undertakes. Although tinnitus percept may start at the level of cochlear nerve deafferentation, the neuronal changes in the central auditory system to the neuronal and connectivity changes in non-auditory regions, such as the limbic system, become cardinal in chronic tinnitus generation. At the present moment, some tinnitus generation mechanisms are well established (e.g., increased neuronal synchrony) whereas other mechanisms have gained more traction recently (e.g., tinnitus networks, tinnitus-distress networks) and therefore, require additional investigation to solidify their role in tinnitus pathology. The treatments and therapeutics designed for tinnitus are numerous, with varied levels of success. They are generally two-fold: some treatments focus on tinnitus cessation (including cochlear implants, deep brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation) whereas the other set focuses on tinnitus reduction or masking (including hearing aids, sound therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy, and tailor made notched musical training).  Tinnitus management has focused on implementing tinnitus masking/reducing therapies more than tinnitus cessation, since cessation treatments are still lacking in streamlined treatment protocols and long-term sustainability and efficacy of the treatment. This review will focus on concisely exploring the current and most relevant tinnitus pathophysiology mechanisms, treatments and therapeutics.

Brucellosis is a major cause of febrile illnesses in areas with high exposure to animals or unpasteurized milk and dairy products. It may manifest with multisystem clinical presentations. Our patient was a six-year-old boy who was presented in emergency room with a prolonged history (3 weeks) of high-grade fever with chills, not responding to antibiotics. Upon inquiry, the history revealed the use of unpasteurized goat milk and contact with goats at home. Upon investigation, serum antibodies for brucellosis were raised (1:640). He was started on combination therapy with rifampicin and doxycycline. He became afebrile within two days so was discharged home. We found that an ineffective history could lead to delay in diagnosis and management. Clinicians should have high index of suspicion for brucellosis in children.

Nanoparticles have revolutionized the world with their enormous blessings specifically in cancer treatment. In past, conventional chemotherapy was the primary choice of treatment for patients. However, chemotherapeutics also had several pharmaceutical limitations such as stability, drug-drug interaction, drug resistance, and aqueous solubility. Reciprocally, dose curbing toxicity is significant with non-specific toxicity to healthy cells, loss of appetite, hair loss, peripheral neuropathy, vomiting, muscular fatigue, and diarrhea being the typical adverse effects. The introduction of multi-drug resistance (MDR) also posed a great threat for successful cancer treatment, whereby the tumor cells became resistant to many of the chemotherapeutic agents used. Nanotechnology-based novel chemotherapy opened a new horizon for the treatment of cancer. Particularly, nanoparticle-related medication is a highly potential newcomer for curtailing systemic toxicity via producing functionalized particles for specific treatment. It is also an alternative to circumvent multidrug resistance for possessing an ability to bypass the efflux mechanism correlated with this phenotype. Besides having various advantages in treatment, nanoparticles are also playing a key role in diagnostic entities. This paper aims to specifically outline the role of nanotechnology which it is playing in today’s era in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer with contemporary knowledge. To assess the role of nanoparticles in cancer treatment, this review analyzed all articles published from 2002 to 2021 in both Local and foreign journals. The article’s inclusion criteria were based on the article which contained relevant data regarding applications of nanoparticles in cancer treatment. Articles with copyright, irrelevant information, and lacking the full text were excluded. This paper will highlight the breakthrough, impediments, and prospects of nanoparticles in cancer treatment with an updated review.