Objectives This is the first study to compare the safety and efficacy of opium tincture (OT) with methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder. Methods In this multicenter, double‐blind, noninferiority controlled trial, a stratified sample of 204 participants with opioid use disorder were recruited from community outreach, drop‐in centers, and triangular clinics. Participants were excluded in case of active participation in another treatment program for opioid use disorder, hypersensitivity to trial medications, pregnancy, and certain serious medical conditions. They were randomized to receive either OT or methadone with an allocation ratio of 1:1 using a patient‐centered flexible dosing strategy. Eligible participants were followed for a period of 12 weeks. Primary outcome is the difference in percentage of patients retained in the treatment. Secondary outcomes are craving, withdrawal symptoms, physical health, mental health, quality of life, and severity of substance use problems, cognitive function, safety profile, cost‐effectiveness, and participants' satisfaction. Both intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analyses will be conducted. The Ethics Board of the University of British Columbia and Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved the study. (http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT02502175). Results To be reported after final analysis. Conclusions If shown to be effective, OT will diversify the options for medication‐assisted treatment of opioid use disorder.

The high prevalence of HCV among individuals who were homeless with mental illness underlies the importance of prevention and treatment of HCV in this population, especially those with concurrent substance use disorders. Self-report seems to be a valid tool for evaluation of the HCV status in this population.

Aim To test if opium tincture (OT) was non‐inferior to methadone in retaining participants in opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Design A Phase III, multi‐centre, parallel‐group, non‐inferiority, double‐blind randomized controlled trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1. Participants were provided treatment and followed for a period of 85 days. Setting Four OAT clinics in Iran. Participants Two hundred and four participants with opioid use disorder [mean age (standard deviation) = 37.4 (9.3); female 11.3%] recruited between July 2017 and January 2018. Interventions Participants were assigned to either OT (102) or methadone (102) using a patient‐centred flexible dosing strategy. Measurements Treatment retention over 85 days was the primary outcome. Self‐reported opioid use outside treatment and occurrence of adverse events (AEs) were the secondary outcomes. Findings Remaining in treatment at the end of the follow‐up were 68.6% in the methadone arm and 59.8% in the OT arm. The relative retention rate of methadone to OT was 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) in both intent‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analyses; non‐inferiority was not supported statistically, as the upper bound of the confidence interval exceeded our pre‐specified non‐inferiority margin (1.25). Opioid use outside treatment was reported by 30.3% of OT (n = 152) and 49.4% of methadone (n = 168) patients, a difference in proportions of −19%: 90% confidence interval (−28%, −10%). The total count of AEs in the OT arm (22 among nine individuals) was significantly higher (P = 0.04) than that in the methadone arm (three among two individuals). Nausea was the most common side effect. Conclusion While this study could not conclude the non‐inferiority of opium tincture (OT) to methadone for retaining patients in opioid agonist treatment, OT retained 60% of participants to end of follow‐up (85 days) and was superior to methadone in reducing self‐reported opioid use outside treatment.

Pancreatic tuberculosis is extremely rare and its clinical and radiological findings are similar to those of pancreatic malignancy. The diagnosis of pancreatic tuberculosis is not usually made prior to surgery. Here, we report a case of pancreatic tuberculosis, presented with abdominal pain and weight loss. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a 62 mm × 32 mm septate solid-cystic mass in the pancreatic head area with extension into the hilum of the liver. There was no evidence of inflammation or pancreatitis. Endoscopic ultrasound-fine needle aspiration (EUSFNA) could not yield the diagnosis. Exploratory laparotomy and further pathological evaluation suggested pancreatic tuberculosis. Response to antituberculosis treatment confirmed the diagnosis. Finally, previous case reports and case studies of pancreatic tuberculosis in the literature are fully investigated.