Detecting or predicting lithium plating in Li-ion cells and subsequently suppressing or preventing it have been the aim of many researches as it directly contributes to the aging, safety, and life-time of the cell. Although abundant influencing parameters on lithium deposition are already known, more information is still needed in order to predict this phenomenon and prevent it in time. It is observed that balancing in a Li-ion cell can play an important role in controlling lithium plating. In this work, five regions are defined with the intention of covering all the zones participating in the charge transfer from one electrode to the other during cell cycling. We employ a pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) cell model including two irreversible side reactions of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation and lithium plating (Li-P) as the anode aging mechanisms. With the help of simulated data and the Nernst–Einstein relation, ionic conductivities of the regions are calculated separately. Calculation results show that by aging the cell, more deviation between ionic conductivities of cathode and anode takes place which leads to the start of Li plating.

Lithium metal anodes have again attracted widespread attention due to the continuously growing demand of cells with higher energy density. However, the lithium deposition mechanism and the affecting process of influencing factors, such as temperature, cycling current density, and electrolyte composition are not fully understood and require further investigation. In this article, the behavior of lithium metal anode at different temperatures (25, 40, and 60 ∘C), lithium salts, electrolyte concentrations (1 and 2 M), and the applied cell current (equivalent to 0.5 C, 1 C, and 2 C). is investigated. Two different salts were evaluated: lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesul-fonyl)imide (LiTFSI). The cells at a medium temperature (40 ∘C) show the highest Coulombic efficiency (CE). However, shorter cycle life is observed compared to the experiments at room temperature (25 ∘C). Regardless of electrolyte type and C-rate, the higher temperature of 60 ∘C provides the worst Coulombic efficiency and cycle life among those at the examined temperatures. A higher C-rate has a positive effect on the stability over the cycle life of the lithium cells. The best performance in terms of long cycle life and relatively good Coulombic efficiency is achieved by fast charging the cell with high concentration LiFSI in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolyte at a temperature of 25 ∘C. The cell has an average Coulombic efficiency of 0.987 over 223 cycles. In addition to galvanostatic experiments, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to study the evolution of the interface under different conditions during cycling.