The menace posed by antibiotic contamination to humanity has increased due to the absence of efficient antibiotic removal processes in the conventional waste water treatment methods from the hospitals, households, animal husbandry, and pharma industry. Importantly, only a few commercially available adsorbents are magnetic, porous, and have the ability to selectively bind and separate various classes of antibiotics from the slurries. Herein, we report the synthesis of a coral-like Co@Co 3 O 4 /C nanohybrid for the remediation of three different classes of antibiotics — quinolone, tetracycline, and sulphonamide. The coral like Co@Co 3 O 4 /C materials are synthesized via a facile room temperature wet chemical method followed by annealing in a controlled atmosphere. The materials demonstrate an attractive porous structure with an excellent surface-to-mass ratio of 554.8 m 2 g −1 alongside superior magnetic responses. A time-varying adsorption study of aqueous nalidixic acid solution on Co@Co 3 O 4 /C nanohybrids indicates that these coral-like Co@Co 3 O 4 /C nanohybrids could achieve a high removal efficiency of 99.98% at pH 6 in 120 min. The adsorption kinetics data of Co@Co 3 O 4 /C nanohybrids follow a pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics suggesting a chemisorption effect. The adsorbent has also shown its merit in reusability for four adsorption-desorption cycles without showing significant change in the removal efficiency. More in-depth studies validate that the excellent adsorption capability of Co@Co 3 O 4 /C adsorbent attributing to the electrostatic and π–π interaction between adsorbent and various antibiotics. Concisely, the adsorbent manifests the potential for the removal of a wide range of antibiotics from the water alongside showing their utility in the hassle-free magnetic separation. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-023-25846-4.

Today's world is on the verge of antibiotic pollution by humans, veterinary therapeutics polluting our water body, and on account of the scarcity in advanced water treatment techniques in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is of enormous importance to have an insight into various kinds of antibiotics and their attributes. The primary aspects of antimicrobial resistance caused by antibiotic pollution in the environment have been briefly enlightened. Here the nature and occurrence of antibiotics accumulation in the environment and a world pollution scenario have been illustrated. Adsorption and photocatalysis are the most standard techniques used for remediation. The well‐known nano photocatalyst heterostructure materials Titanium dioxide (TiO2), bismuth (Bi) materials are also utilized as the main frame materials for the composites and heterostructures. Alternatively, the porous carbon‐based materials and metal‐organic framework (MOF) materialsare entitled to their excellent adsorption capability. This review portrays comprehensive insight into the advances and breakthroughs made so far by different heterostructures and nanocomposite materials for antibiotics removal and provides a road map to future researchers towards a more efficient water treatment system.

Vishal Bhardwaj's film Haider( 2014) reproduces Shakespeare's Hamlet amidst the insurgencies and civilian disappearances that affected the 1990s in Kashmir, a region over which India and Pakistan have fought since Partition in 1947. Basharat Peer, the screenwriter and the author of the book Curfewed Night (2008) transforms the tragedy of a single individual into the collective tragedy of an entire region. Unlike Bollywood traditional representations of Kashmir as a romantic place for lovers, the film depicts a politically volatile land in which early mornings are marked by crackdowns, fathers are separated from their families and made to disappear, young men are tortured and killed without any apparent reason, mothers are condemned to spend the rest of their lives searching for their disappeared sons. In this paper I will examine how the entire community of Kashmir of that time was reduced to a state deprived of their basic human rights through the lens of Haider and Peer's memoir. The common folk of Kashmir constantly thrives to get their freedom back. The right to determine the destiny of their own territory was denied to them by the political apparatus. Obviously it posits a question to the concept of democracy. The arbitrary state of violence leading to the traumatic experience of the Kashmiris producing psychological disorders evokes the necessity of this study.