One of the most promising techniques for typing of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is detection of single base extension primers (SBE) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We present a new MALDI-TOF MS protocol for typing of multiple SNPs in a single reaction. Biotin-labeled ddNTPs were used in the SBE reaction and solid phase-bound monomeric avidin was used as capturing/purification scheme allowing the exclusive release of the SBE products under gentle conditions using 5% triethylamine. We dubbed this method monomeric avidin triethylamine purification. The biotin-labeled ddNTPs contained linkers with different masses ensuring a clear separation of the alleles even for SBE primers with a mass of 10 300 Da. Furthermore, only 25-350 fmol of SBE primers were necessary in order to obtain reproducible MALDI-TOF spectra. Similar signal intensities were obtained in the 5500-10 300 m/z mass range by increasing the concentration of the longer SBE primers in the reaction. To validate the technique, 17 Y-chromosome SNPs were analyzed in 200 males. The precision and accuracy of the mass determination were analyzed by parametric statistic, and the potential use of MALDI-TOF MS for SNP typing is discussed.

Diabetes-specific formulas have shown to be effective at improving glucose control with additional nutritional benefits. The aim of this review is to assess the current knowledge on the different types of DSF (Diabetes-Specific Formulas) and how they affect the weight, HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin), glucose, insulin and lipid profiles. Database research was made with diabetes and nutritional formulas as keywords. From over 60,000 titles retrieved from 2005 to 2020, only 34 were chosen based mainly on their methodology and results. Results show that for glycemia control, high fiber carbohydrates are more effective as well as high protein formulas. For HbA1c, oat seemed to be less effective than Meal Replacement (MR) and a protein-rich formula proved to be effective in the long-term. One of the most researched benefits in MR plans is weight loss, evidences show up to a 5-10% decrease in interventions with DSF formulas. Other advantages of this approach include greater glycemic control, insulin sensitivity and lower postprandial secretion, which consequently lead to a decrease in morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular causes. About lipid profile values; HDL, LDL and Total cholesterol, existing evidence differ from one another, so it is necessary to investigate further to reach a consensus.