The bit error rate expression of the binary phase‐shift keying modulation scheme has been derived in a frequency selective fading channel for the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) based orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) system in the presence of carrier frequency offset (CFO). The performance of the FRFT based OFDM system has been found to be better than FFT‐based OFDM at different values of FRFT angle parameter ‘α’.

Introduction This study focuses on investigating the effect of routine nephrostomy tube placement in patients with moderate renal calculi of size 2.5 cm or less who undergo uncomplicated percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedures. Previous studies have not specified whether only uncomplicated cases were included in the analysis, which may affect the results. This study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the effect of routine nephrostomy tube placement on blood loss in a more homogeneous patient population. Materials and methods A prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted at our department over 18 months, dividing 60 patients with a single renal or upper ureteric calculus of size ≤2.5 cm into two groups: 30 patients in each group (group 1: tubed PCNL, group 2: tubeless PCNL). The primary outcome was the drop in perioperative hemoglobin level and the number of packed cell transfusions necessary. The secondary outcome included the mean pain score, analgesic requirement, length of hospital stay, time to return to normal activities, and the total cost of the procedure. Results The two groups were comparable in age, gender, comorbidities, and stone size. The postoperative hemoglobin level was significantly lower in the tubeless PCNL group (9.56 ± 2.13 gm/dL) compared to the tube PCNL group (11.32 ± 2.35 gm/dL) (p = 0.0037), and two patients in the tubeless group required blood transfusion. The duration of surgery, pain scores, and analgesic requirement were comparable between the two groups. The total procedure cost was significantly lower in the tubeless group (p = 0.0019), and the duration of hospital stay and time to return to daily activities were significantly shorter in the tubeless group (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Tubeless PCNL is a safe and effective alternative to conventional tube PCNL, with the advantages of shorter hospital stay, faster recovery, and lower procedure costs. Tube PCNL is associated with less blood loss and the need for transfusions. Patient preferences and bleeding risk should be considered when choosing between the two procedures.

A field experiment was carried out during kharif, 2014 in Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka under rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The experiment consists of three factors viz., three fertilizer dozes (75%, 100% and 125% RDF), three plant geometries (30cm x10cm, 45cm x10cm and 60cm x10cm) and two cycocel concentrations (500 and 1000 ppm). The results revealed that the treatment combination of 45 X 10 cm plant geometry with fertilizer doze of 25: 50: 25 kg N, P2O5, K2O ha -1 (125 per cent RDF) and application of cycocel at 1000 ppm concentration recorded significantly higher total dry matter production (57.0 g plant -1 ), highest values of biometric parameters viz., LAI (0.761), NAR (0.827 g dm 2 day -1 ), CGR (0.0015 g dm 2 day -1 ) and RGR (1.704 g day -1 ), seed yield (726 kg ha -1 ), stalk yield (2606 kg ha -1 ) and harvest index (21.8 per cent) compared to other treatment combinations.