SUMMARY Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a new neuroimaging technique, which uses tissue magnetic susceptibility differences to generate a unique contrast, different from that of spin density, T1, T2, and T2*. In this review (the first of 2 parts), we present the technical background for SWI. We discuss the concept of gradient-echo images and how we can measure local changes in susceptibility. Armed with this material, we introduce the steps required to transform the original magnitude and phase images into SWI data. The use of SWI filtered phase as a means to visualize and potentially quantify iron in the brain is presented. Advice for the correct interpretation of SWI data is discussed, and a set of recommended sequence parameters for different field strengths is given.

SUMMARY: Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) has continued to develop into a powerful clinical tool to visualize venous structures and iron in the brain and to study diverse pathologic conditions. SWI offers a unique contrast, different from spin attenuation, T1, T2, and T2* (see Part 1). In this clinical review (Part 2), we present a variety of neurovascular and neurodegenerative disease applications for SWI, covering trauma, stroke, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, venous anomalies, multiple sclerosis, and tumors. We conclude that SWI often offers complementary information valuable in the diagnosis and potential treatment of patients with neurologic disorders. S usceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a fully velocitycompensated high-resolution 3D gradient-echo sequence that uses magnitude and filtered-phase information, both separately and in combination with each other, to create new sources of contrast. With the advent of parallel imaging and the greater availability of clinical 3T MR images, it is now possible to image the entire brain with SWI in roughly 4 minutes. SWI has been found to provide additional clinically useful information that is often complementary to conventional MR imaging sequences used in the evaluation of various neurologic disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), coagulopathic or other hemorrhagic disorders, vascular malformations, cerebral infarction, neoplasms, and neurodegenerative disorders associated with intracranial calcification or iron deposition. As neuroradiologists become more aware of these various applications and as advances in software technology permit easier acquisition and better interpretation, SWI will likely be incorporated into the routine diagnostic imaging evaluation. The technical concepts of SWI were outlined in Part 1 of this 2-part review and would be valuable reading as background to this article, especially the discussion about magnitude, SWI filtered phase, SWI processed data, and contrast available in SWI. 1 The following sections discuss different clinical applications of SWI predominantly in adults. An excellent clinical review by Tong et al 2 in the American Journal of Neuroradiology already covers many SWI applications in children. TBI: Diffuse Axonal InjuryTBI is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, disability, and lost years of productive life throughout the world.3 CT remains the primary imaging technique for the initial evaluation of patients who have sustained head trauma because it effectively allows detection of intracranial hemorrhages that require acute neurosurgical intervention. In recent years, however, MR imaging has been gaining popularity as an adjunctive imaging method in patients with TBI because it permits more precise identification and localization of smaller hemorrhages and can provide useful information regarding mechanisms of injury and potential clinical outcome. SWI is particularly helpful for the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury (DAI), often associated with punctate hemorrhages in the deep subcortical white ma...

Glioblastoma is one of the most devastating cancers, in which tumor cell infiltration into surrounding normal brain tissue confounds clinical management. This review describes basic and translational research into glioma proliferation and invasion, in particular the phenotypic switch underlying a stochastic "go or grow" model of tumor cell behavior. We include recent progress in system genomics, cancer stem cell theory, and tumor-microenvironment interaction, from which novel therapeutic strategies may emerge for managing this malignant disease. We suggest that an effective therapeutic strategy should target both adaptive glioblastoma cells and the stroma-tumor interaction.

Functional brain maps were first delineated in two dimensions 80 years ago. By analysing stimulation and intracranial EEG data from 100 patients with epilepsy, Nakai et al. generate 3D and 4D language maps incorporating space, time and causality. These whole-brain maps allow prediction of language areas for patients undergoing neurosurgery.