Background:The HIV prevalence and incidence among the general population in Rwanda have decreased significantly in the past decade, with only about 3% prevalence as of 2019. However, opposite trends are seen among the key populations (KP). The prevalence among commercial sex workers is as high as 51%, and the HIV rates among this group continue to rise. While the prevalence among key populations remains high, their adherence to HIV treatment is low compared to the general population. Healthcare providers play a vital role in ensuring key populations’ access to HIV treatment, adherence, and program retention. This study aimed to explore the experiences of healthcare providers in providing HIV services to key populations in Rwanda.Methods:A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted with nurses, doctors, social workers, and psychologists who provide HIV services in health facilities in Rwanda. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Transcribed and translated data were coded according to a structured code book. All data were organized and analyzed using Dedoose software (version 8.3.35).Results: Interviews with 18 healthcare providers were conducted; participants included 1 doctor (5.6%), 5 social workers (27.8%), and 12 nurses (66.7%). All participants had worked with key populations, especially commercial sex workers and men who have sex with men. Three overarching themes emerged from the interviews: healthcare providers’ intrinsic feelings affect the ways they provide HIV services to key populations, key populations face a multitude of challenges related to accessing treatment and preventing the spread of HIV, and a more comprehensive and sensitive approach should be used to improve HIV services for key populations. Conclusion: Healthcare providers expressed difficulties in providing services to key populations as they tend not to adhere to treatment and prevention guidelines, caused by some structural barriers, their lack of trust in the system, and the discrimination and abuse they have faced. More comprehensive services including clinical, financial, and psychosocial support from trusted sources are needed. Some important policy changes may be needed to allow KPs to purchase community-based health insurance.

Background: The overall HIV prevalence and incidence in Rwanda have decreased significantly in the past decade. However, opposite trends are seen among key populations (KP). The HIV prevalence among sex workers is as high as 51% and continues to rise. While the HIV prevalence among KP remains high, their adherence to treatment is low. Healthcare providers play a vital role in KP's access and adherence to HIV treatment. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of healthcare providers on providing HIV services to key populations in Rwanda. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted with nurses, doctors, social workers, and psychologists who provide HIV services to KP in public health facilities in Rwanda. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. All data were analyzed thematically using Dedoose. Results: Interviews were conducted with 18 healthcare providers. Three overarching themes emerged from the interviews: healthcare providers' intrinsic feelings affect the ways they provide HIV services to key populations, key populations face a multitude of challenges related to accessing treatment and preventing the spread of HIV, and a more comprehensive and sensitive approach should be used to improve HIV services for key populations. Conclusion: Healthcare providers expressed difficulties in providing services to key populations and identified a lack of adherence to treatment and prevention guidelines, structural barriers, KP's lack of trust in the healthcare system, and the discrimination and abuse KP face as challenges to effective HIV prevention and treatment. More comprehensive services including clinical, financial, and psychosocial support from trusted sources are needed. Some important policy changes are essential to facilitate access to HIV services for KP.