The goal of the study was to validate the English version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS; Csibi et al. 2016), which is a short and easy-to-use tool for screening the risk of smartphone application-based addiction. Another aim was to identify the most frequently used smartphone applications and their perceived importance by the participants. Data were collected online from 240 English-speaking volunteers, aged 18 to 69 years. The instruments used were the SABAS, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS), the Deprivation Sensation Scale (DSS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Participants also ranked the importance of their most frequently used smartphone applications. The six items of the SABAS yielded one component, which accounted for 52.38% of the total variance. The internal reliability of the scale was good (Cronbach’s alpha 0.81). NMP-Q was a significant predictor of SABAS, explaining 17.6% of the total variance. The regression analysis, with SABAS score as the dependent variable and NMP-Q, DSS, PHQ-9, and BSSS scores as predictors, indicated that approximately 47% of the variance in SABAS was accounted for by the predictors (R 2 = 0.47). The English version of the SABAS appears to be a valid and reliable ultra-brief tool for a quick and easy assessment of smartphone application-based addiction symptoms.

Smartphones have rapidly become indispensable in modern life. The wide spectrum of activities and virtual interaction possibilities with the mobile device render some individuals prone to exaggerated use exhibiting core symptoms akin to substance addiction. The core common symptoms of addictions can be framed within the 'components model of addiction.' Based on the different pattern of smartphone use in various age groups, the symptoms and the risk of smartphone addiction may differ during various life stages. Some age groups may be more at risk of smartphone addiction than others. This hypothesis was tested utilizing data from six surveys comprising 1603 individuals representing various age groups. Results obtained through two recommended age-group analyses both confirmed that preschool children and young adults are at highest risk for smartphone-related addictive behavior. Furthermore, the various components of addiction also differed between the age groups. These results suggest that preventive measures should be primarily targeted to the two most vulnerable age groups represented by preschool children and emerging adults. The results of the present study help identify the dominant addiction symptoms in the various age groups that could pinpoint aspects which should be targeted in implementation of various measures aimed at the prevention of dysfunctional smartphone use.

The goal of our study is to identify possible sources of aggressivity, such as the self-appreciation and modalities of coping used by the teenage participants. Our analysis refers to gender, self-image, coping modalities) and social variables (differences of support, class) of the surveyed teenagers. The used instruments were: Anger Expression Scale (Spielberger et al, 1985); Ways of Coping Scale (Lazarus & Folkman, 1985); Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg 1965). The participants were 447 students of 11 th and 12 th grade, with a mean age of 17,4 years old. The results show a significant correlation between the level of self-appreciation, modalities of coping and level of aggressive expression. The inward or outward orientation of aggression shows differences depending on the subject's gender. Self-appreciation is more positive among boys and is strongly related to the expression of aggression and used coping modalities. There is also evidence of significant interaction between suppressed anger and self appreciation. Inwardly expressed anger was more associated with avoidant coping, and outwardly expressed anger with planful problem -solving, distancing and selfcontrolling. The offensive actions and type of study also show noteworthy interactions. Analysis of variance suggested that easier anger expression is indicative of the occurrence of hostile acts in the last six months. The general manifestation of anger and the outwardly expressed anger considerably interact with differences of the social support from their fathers perceived by our participants. The support of mothers was especially significantly related to suppressed anger.

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