A short form of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R; Cooper, 1994) was developed, using different item selection strategies based on a national representative sample of 5,617 12- to 18-year-old students in Switzerland. To confirm the concurrent validity of the short-form questionnaire, or DMQ-R SF, data from a second national sample of 2,398 12- to 17-year-old students were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. The results confirmed the four-dimensional factor structure of the DMQ-R SF both in general and among subpopulations. The mean values as well as the links with alcohol use and related problems were similar to those obtained with the original DMQ-R. These results support the potential use of the DMQ-R SF in a wide range of international studies that measure drinking motives.

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For the most part, findings regarding SES and drinking in higher income countries were as expected. However, women of higher SES in low and middle income countries appear at higher risk of engaging in RSOD. This finding should be kept in mind when developing new policy and prevention initiatives.

There were clear and consistent gender differences in all countries, while the differences in drinking between countries and regions were not as obvious.

The fact that problems accrue more quickly for lower educated persons even if they drink in the same manner can be linked to the social or environmental dimension surrounding problems. That is, those of fewer resources are less protected from the experience of a problem or the impact of a stressful life event.